Sexism In Rock N Roll - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1634 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Sexism Essay Did you like this example? Thesis: Sexism is still alive in the rock world. Women artist in bands really dont get an fair chance. Women writers or women in general with a musical talent can basically have the craziest ideas that doesnt get appreciated as much a man in a rock band. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexism In Rock N Roll" essay for you Create order Men expect women to be half naked in order to get attention. Women should be able to be theirselves and wear what they please without being judged or shamed about their ideas. Its really no secret that popular music, rock n roll can be sexist and misogynistic. Rock nroll came to life in the 50s, with Chuck Berry, Elvis and Little Richard, they all became popular in the 60s when The Rolling Stones and The Beatles took over the world. At the time sex, drugs and rock n roll was a mantra, an rousing war cry for a generation in transition, hypnotized by the men on stage with their guitars and glorified in music magazines like Rolling Stone. A cool rock band was formed. Like most industries during that time, the music industry was dominated by men. Men worked most of the positions of power and controlled the flow of information. The rock ?n roll establishment created a culture that reflected this male domination (McLeod 2002). Before she was a pioneering woman in rock, Patti Smith commented that rock ?n roll is for men. Real rock ?n roll is a mans job. I dont want to see no chicks tit banging against a bass (Smith in Janowitz 1987). For that Smith went on to achieve, in hindsight we can view this statement as somewhat tongue-in-cheek. It does, however, reflect a commonly held belief that serious pop music is the domain of men (Davies 2001). The success of Patti Smith and others, like Aretha Franklin and Tina Turner, suggest that women arent necessarily excluded from pop and rock music, were just not sure exactly where they fit in. The study falls heavily on gender role theory and asks the question, where do women fit into popular music? Using content analysis, the research looks at a selection of Rolling Stone magazine Greatest of All-Time lists and aims to compare the way in which men and women are represented by these lists. The research is to help fill a gap in scholarly work that looks at gender roles, music and journalism at the same time. Also in order to find womens place in rock n roll, we need to make a link between the music created by women, the medias representation of this music and how this differs from men. How does Rolling Stone magazine, as media and as part of the rock ?n roll establishment, construct gender roles in music, and what is the female role? Much of this tends to focus on the notion that pop music journalism is dominated by men (McLeod 2002). Kembrew McLeod makes an serious connection between the masculine culture and the fact that only a few women occupy positions of power within the rock journalism establishment. For McLeod, this establishment was very much established. McLeod argues that this culture remains dominant: Who works as a rock critic in large parts depends on ones immersion in the social sphere that rock critics inhabit, which in many ways resembles the old boy networks that for years dominated most businesses (2002). Stories about women in music magazines are often included because of and or focused on, the womans appearance. One person only has to look at covers of Rolling Stone in order for this to be apparent. Cover stories about men are mostly concerned with career or musical contribution to the world. Those about women on the other hand are often featured a scantily clad artist, model or pop starlet on the cover, and a suggestive headline. Women are less likely than men to learn a rock instrument like guitar, bass and drums at an early age because society dictates what young boys and girls are supposed to do and there is also a lack of female musical role models for young girls to emulate. Girls are less likely to be included in the formation of an adolescent band because these are more often than not based on friendship rather than musicianship and boys, being boys, will pick their ?buddy over some girls as well as the fact early adolescent social life is gendered. The study looks at a selection of Rolling Stone magazine Greatest of All-Time lists, which can be found on the Rolling Stone website. Five lists have been chosen for the sample. They are: the 100 Greatest Singers of All-Time; 100 Greatest Guitarists of All-Time; 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time; the top 100 of the 500 Greatest Albums of All-Time; and the top 100 of the 500 Greatest Songs of All-Time. The included lists were published in print between 2003 and 2008. Subsequent updates have appeared on the Rolling Stone website. Rolling Stone magazine lists were chosen over other similar lists, such as Billboard, thebest100lists.com and thetoptens.com, because of its longevity and standing within both the mus ic and journalism worlds. Since the 1970s Rolling Stone has been thought of as a credible and reliable source of music and political news (Brady 2009) .Upon undertaking the preliminary research, it became apparent that it was necessary to document the instances where a female appears more than once in the sample. Many of the men and women, who are listed in the top half of one of the lists, appear in one or more other lists. For example, the 18 men and 2 women who appear in the top 20 of the Top 100 Singers of All-Time list, all feature in the top 70 of the 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time. Johnson-Grau, in Sweet Nothings, points to the idea that women artist and musicians must be extraordinary in order to warrant recognition in the company of men (2002, p. 210). The decision to exclude vocalists is based on the view that ensemble instrument playing is both the principal site of musical authority in rock music and the activity from which women have been most fully excluded (1999, p. 99). the total female entr ies over the entire sample. Looking at these numbers its not hard to view these women as ?extraordinary. Not because they are rated alongside men, but because all of them have been considered, by their contemporaries and music experts, to be amongst the greatest contributors to music in more than one category. While they are few, at least in relation to men, these women whove left their indelible mark on popular musics history are regarded extremely highly by the rock ?n roll establishment, of which Rolling Stone magazine is an important part. Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Janis Joplin, Dusty Springfield, Joni Mitchell, Patsy Cline, Bonnie Raitt, Ronnie Spector, Patti Smith and Stevie Nicks are the exception to the rule that rock critics and historians of pop music have a tendency to forget things that they dislike or that do not fit their particular version of rock ?n roll authenticity (Johnson-Grau 2002, p. 203). The sexualisation of women in the media is a hotly debated topic. Countless studies have looked a t the way in which the media portray women, and thus help create gender roles (see Belkaoui 1976; Tuchman 1979; and Carter Steiner 2003). Two main theories stand out. The first is that most women are portrayed in traditional gender roles, that is mother, wife, sister etc.; and the second is that most media focus on a womans aesthetic qualities rather than their ideas and achievements (see Tuchman 1978; Bahr 1980; Macdonald 1995; and Allen, Rush Kaufman 1996). Both of these are substantiated by the data. Rolling Stone presents the sexy, sassy, elegant powerhouse Tina (Jackson for Rolling Stone 2004); the confident, Gospel-singing, passionate Aretha (Rolling Stone 2004 [A]); and the sweet, delicate, naked within a song Dusty (Rolling Stone 2008). All of these depictions fit into what is culturally normal for women. Furthermore, they all suggest an element of sex, or imply the artist embodies a certain image. While its not difficult to argue that sex and fashion are an intrinsic part of the music industry, Phil Dwyer argues that music is actually a part of the fashion industry (Dwyer 2003) . Johnson-Grau puts forward the notion that women in the music industry are almost exclusively compared with other women (2002, p. 210). The data collected doesnt refute this. Furthermore, the data indicates that female musicians are more likely than men to be likened to anyone else, regardless of sex. Over the modified sample of 98 articles, there were 24 comparisons between artists made. On 15 of these occasions, the artist being compared to somebody else was female. Expressions such as: created possibilities for; set the road map for the success of; set the stage for; or influenced everyone from were found to be far more common in the descriptions of women, than they were in the descriptions of men. The notion that women need to be extraordinary, courageous and inspirational in order to succeed in the music business has been thoroughly examined in this discussion. Perhaps one more ingredient is also needed. The above data seems to suggest that the rock ?n roll establishment likes to be able to trace the lineage of female musicianship, by comparing each generation of women in music to the previous one. Frith believes the misogynist culture of rock music forms a symbolic barrier to womens participation in rock ?n roll (1981, p. 228) . The sexualisation of women in the media is a hotly debated topic. Countless studies have looked at the way in which the media portray women, and thus help create gender roles (see Belkaoui 1976; Tuchman 1979; and Carter Steiner 2003). Two main theories stand out. The first is that most women are portrayed in traditional gender roles, that is mother, wife, sister etc.; and the second is that most media focus on a womans aesthetic qualities rather than their ideas and achievements (see Tuchman 1978; Bahr 1980; Macdonald 1995; and Allen, Rush Kaufman 1996).

Teen Pregnancy Is A Convenient Excuse - 1152 Words

Teen pregnancy is often seen as a mistake, however blaming teen pregnancy on one or two things or person doesn’t resolve the solution. Teen pregnancy is something that affects millions of young teens in the United States. For some , these pregnancies are planned but majority of teen pregnancy is unplanned. Teen pregnancy causes a lot of endless problems in the lives of the teen and the newborn child. According to the article â€Å" Blaming TV for Teen Pregnancy Is A convenient excuse† by Schroeder â€Å"We need to spend more time talking with young people, at home, at school, in religious communities - and yes, even in the media - about sex and sexuality in ways that help them understand and believe that they have a choice: the choice to be teens before becoming teen parents.† Neither the media content or country should be blamed for the influence of teen pregnancy. The rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is often blamed on social media, whoever this is not the case. According to Elizabeth Schroeder’s article Blaming TV For Teen Pregnancy Is A Convenient Excuse† she states reasons for the world to be skeptical â€Å"whenever any research claims that there’s a direct cause and effect relationship between one thing such as television viewing, and something as complex as teenage pregnancy. Elizabeth Schroeder`s also stated that â€Å" Regardless of what is in the media adults need to be educating young people earlier about sexuality and sexual health,† so they make the rightShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: To Medicate or Not to Medicate?2369 Words   |  10 Pagesclassroom and a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder often gets into trouble at school and/or home. If not recognized early this child now categorized, as a â€Å"trouble maker† becomes a frustrated, unde rachiever with low self-esteem. These teen have a higher rate of substance use and as adults can find themselves with a history of failed relationships and frequently under or unemployed (Addresources.org). Diagnosis of this behavioral disorder is a several step process. There is no singleRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesRecruiting Minorities and Women 60 Adverse Impact 61 Chapter 4 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 Learning Outcomes 84 Introduction 86 What Other Laws Affect Discrimination Practices? 61 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 62 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 62 viii Contents Employee Rights Legislation and the HRM Implications 86 The Privacy Act of 1974 86 The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1974 87 The Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 87 The Polygraph Protection ActRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesoffer 86 CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS 2. A consumer advocate organization conducted a survey to determine whether Wendy’s hamburgers were really any more â€Å"hot and juicy† than any other hamburgers. After testing a Big Mac, a Whopper, a Teen Burger, and a Wendy’s Hot and Juicy, each hamburger brand received approximately the same number of votes for being the juiciest. The consumer group advocated that Wendy’s not advertise its hamburgers to be the juiciest. The company indicated that

The Long Telegrams Impact on the Truman Doctrine free essay sample

Telegram and Its impact on the Truman Doctrine George Seamans long telegram had many impacts on the American foreign policy. Its influence can be seen directly through the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The Long Telegram influenced Traumas doctrine of containment, and it opened the eyes of many Washington officials as to how dangerous the Soviets and more specifically communism was. George Seamans Long Telegram was a reply as to why the Soviets werent supporting the World Bank and the International Money Fund.At the time, he American view Of the Soviet was friendly, yet cautious because the Soviets had been allied with the IIS in VOW/II. The long telegram, which weaseled to the public in 1947, basically created the foundation on which the Cold War stood from the US point of view. By claiming that the Soviets were completely against capitalism, would side with Marxist, and separated from reality, Keenan set up a standard system of beliefs that the US would follow throughout the Cold War, and even gave ideas as to how to combat the Soviets if need be. The Long Telegram gave the US clear reason to consider war with Russia inevitable. It fostered further fear in America of the Soviets by talking about how Russia couldnt be trusted and great lengths should be taken to ensure the absence of Soviets and their influence in America. The Truman Doctrine was a contribution made to foreign policy by Harry Truman in 1 947, after the Long Telegram had come into being. Truman declared, kind of like Willows Moral Diplomacy, that it was the US duty to spread democracy and battle communism.Truman asked Congress to send aid to Greece and Turkey. After being ravaged by Germany in WI, Greece had been about to lose aid from Great Britain; Turkey had also depended greatly on the help of the US and Britain. The US would have been in danger of losing power over the Soviets and in Europe and Asia had Russia gained the two countries. This proves that what George Keenan wrote helped Truman realize that he needed to help other nations and create the foreign policy.Kansas telegram greatly impacted many other aspects of the Truman citrine, for example the Truman Doctrine all but promised that the United States would resist any Soviet expansion. This reflects Seamans advise that the United States must carefully choose its points Of resistance. Seamans notion of containment which was expressed in the Long Telegram was also illustrates in the Truman Doctrine. George Kansas writings inspired America and thanks to the Long Telegram and the Truman Doctrine, America opened their eyes and did what was necessary to not allow themselves to be over ruled by the soviets.

Macbeth the story of circumstance Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth the story of circumstance: Victim or Villain: Circumstance is a powerful and dangerous device against those who are weak. It can sway one?s decisions between good and evil, concealing judgment and dismantles the very principle that makes us human. It plays the vital role of a protagonist villain, an invisible danger to the hero in William Shakespeare?s Macbeth. The circumstances and decisions of Macbeth will indeed lead to the destruction of his very soul. Macbeth begins as very honorable Thane of Glamis and Scottish general who fights the Irish invaders with ?great courage and violence? as stated by the captain when explaining how Macbeth slays Macdonald the Irish leader. Macbeth will soon be surrounded by multiple circumstances that fill his mind with dangerous advice which will lead to the demise of his soul as well as his life. The 3 most influential characters include the witches, lady Macbeth, and Macbeth himself that lead to the killing of Duncan. The Witches: The first of the three major circumstances Macbeth falls victim to the are the witches' predictions. Macbeth and Banquo are cornered when the three witches explain that he shall become the thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is mystified by this title, as he has not yet heard of King Duncan?s decision. The witches also announce that Macbeth will be king one day. Stunned, Macbeth asks the witches for more information, but they have turned their attention to Banquo. The witches call Banquo ?lesser than Macbeth, and greater,? and ?not so happy, yet much happier?; then they tell him that he will never be king but that his children will sit upon the throne (1.3.63?65). Macbeths and Banquo are distraught over the witches? predictions .Macbeth states ?Your children shall be kings,? he says to his friend, to whom Banquo responds: ?You shall be king? (1.3.84). Their conversation is interrupted by the news that Macbeth has been named Thane of Cawdor by king Duncan due to the treasonous acts of the former thane. The third prophecy really gets Macbeth?s reasoning racing into madness; there his mind is filled with the fantastic thoughts about how he could steal the kingdom from Duncan. The witches had been right on the track with their predictions up to this point. Macbeth is a little Leary; the only way to become king is to kill the beloved Duncan which could bring a major uprising from the people. Lady Macbeth: The second of the circumstances is Lady Macbeth. Macbeth?s wife, a very persuading and ambitious woman has an unquenchable thirst for power. Lady Macbeth reads the letter prepared by her husband that announces his new position as well as the meeting with the witches. Lady Macbeth realizes what is at stake and will desperately tries to convince her husband to do whatever it takes to make himself king. When she receives the news that her husband is near the castle, she makes the speech ?you spirits. That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full, of direst cruelty? (1.5.38?41). She urges her husband to stop at nothing to seize the crown, telling Macbeth to have patience she will construct the plan to dethrone Duncan. Macbeth struggles against his desires to become king and the terrible consequences of doing so, after all he is Duncan?s kinsman, host, and the king is loved by all. These circumstances offer him nothing but a guilty cons. Lady Macbeth is livid once she finds out Macbeths intentions are no longer to kill the king, she calls him a coward and questions his manhood. When you durst do it,? she says, ?then you were a man? (1.7.49). She has a plan a perfect murder; when the king falls asleep, she will get the chamberlains intoxicated, then they can slip in and kill Duncan. The murderous cover up will be slain on the chamberlains. Macbeth then agrees to proceed with the murder, blown away by the daring nature of her plan. Lady Macbeth?s words not only convince but taunt her husband and erasing his immoral thoughts from memory. Macbeth is now in-between an unjust man and villain. When Macbeth kills Duncan with the dagger, he states the deed is done. Lady Macbeth attempts

British Airways- Case Study Essay Essay Example

British Airways British Airways- Case Study Essay Paper British Airways- Case Study Essay Paper The scenario upon which this paper is based relates to the British Airways Swipe Card Debacle instance survey from the text edition. Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspective Approach ( Akin. Dunford. A ; Palmer. 2009 ) . The intent of this paper is to analyse and discourse the organisational alteration associated to the execution of a new swipe card system that led to strike of over 250 British Airways check-in staff. losing 40 million lbs and negatively set uping the company’s repute. Additionally. this paper will associate the instance survey to several alteration attacks ( organisational development. sense-making. alteration direction. eventuality. and processual ) and place cardinal issues. Additionally. this paper will analyze the instance survey from my position. as if I were a hired alteration adviser for British Airways responsible for supplying advise and recommendations on how to avoid this type of state of affairs. Additionally. as a alteration advise r. I provide my recommendation as to what possible alteration attack or combinations of a alteration attack would hold been best to utilize for the swipe card alteration enterprise. Change Perspective and Key Issues Prior to traveling into being able to efficaciously supply advise and recommendations on this instance survey. it is first of import to discourse facets of different alteration attacks. Additionally. associate cardinal issues of the swipe card fiasco to these alteration attacks. With that. this subdivision paper will concentrate on identify specific facets of the undermentioned alteration attacks and how these facets relate to the instance survey: organisational development. sense-making. alteration direction. eventuality. and processual. Organizational Development Approach The organisational development alteration attack is a good thought through and exhaustively planned alteration attack that focuses on staff development. Additionally. one of the cardinal facets to the organisational development attack is the importance placed on the demand to organize groups and squads. which work together to organize the cardinal focal point for alteration ( Akin. Dunford. A ; Palmer. 2009 ) . Unfortunately. this really of import feature of organisational development attack was genuinely non used as portion of the alteration attack for the swipe card execution. For case. if groups and squads were created to organize the cardinal focal point for the alteration. none of the 250 check-in staff were invited to take part. Sense-making Approach The sense-making attack is really similar to Kurt Lewin’s organisational alteration theoretical account. At a high-level. this theoretical account has three primary phases known as Unfreeze ( placing where the company is at. in relation to environmental alteration and organisational construction ) . Change ( period of clip where the alteration is being made ) . and Refreeze ( alteration is complete and the organisation has embedded the alteration within its civilization ) ( Levasseur. 2001 ) . However. there is one rebuff difference with the sense-making attack. in that the 2nd phase is more the about rebalance where the organisation balances the external environment with its internal environment. An illustration of a cardinal issue associated to this from the instance survey is the fact that it appears those responsible for the Future Size and Shape recovery plan. did non take the first phase into consideration. More specifically. the group did non factor in how the company w as still retrieving from environmental alterations such as. 9/11. Iraqi war. and SARS. Additionally. did non see if this was the right clip for this type of alteration. Change Management ApproachThere are several different alteration direction attacks but the one focused on within this paper is the alteration direction attack Ten Commandments attack. developed by Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Barry A. Stein. and Todd D. Jick. In the book. The Challenges of Organizational Change. Kanter. Stein. and Jick elaborate on what they believe to be the necessary stairss to efficaciously implement alteration within an organisation. One of these stairss. which is something that was non executed in the swipe card fiasco. is the measure to make a shared vision. While the Future Size and Shape project squad may hold had a shared vision of the swipe card alteration. this same vision was decidedly non shared by the 250 check-in staff. Contingency Approach Similar to the alteration direction attack. the eventuality attack has many different fluctuations. For case. one of these attacks is categorized into the undermentioned four ideal types: commanding ( alteration intercession. directed by leading and is typically driven by the demand to implement rapidly and suddenly ) . technology ( change agent. who besides acts as an analyst implements the alteration along with those who planing the alteration to procedure and systems ) . learning ( 3rd party advisers work with internal staff to help with identify new ways of operation and is change intercession that is a long-run program ) . and socialising ( democratic attack that is a gradual alteration procedure attack ) ( Huy. 2001 ) . Each of these attacks are acceptable but may non all work in every type of state of affairs. For case. within the British Airways instance survey. it seems as though the undertaking squad chose to use the dominating attack for the execution of the swipe cards. T he check-in staff were wholly immune to non merely the swipe card alteration but were besides immune to the existent attack taken to implement that alteration. Processual Approach Similar to the sense-making attack. the processual attack besides looks at the relationship of external and internal environments. However. with the processual attack. it focuses on the restraints and chances of both environments. Within the instance survey. the undertaking squad did non take into consideration how the external environment impacts the internal environment and how the internal environment besides effects the staff. For case. the staff being on border and untrusting of alteration was a consequence state of affairss and alterations both internally ( one Forth decrease in staff ) and externally ( environmental jars like inroads on its markets from budget rivals ) . The combination of these state of affairss. led to the staff being fearful and overreacting to the possibility that the new swipe card procedure could take to another decrease in staff. Change Consultant As a alteration adviser for British Airways. I would supply the undermentioned list of lessons learned from the swipe card fiasco: deficiency in including those straight affected by alteration can take to staff being uncomfortable and unsure about a alteration ; deficiency of taking internal and external environments into consideration is non to the full understanding the cumulative consequence that these have on the staff ; taking a dominating attack to implement alteration can take to staff differing with the manner a alteration is being managed ; and deficiency of communicating and deriving buy-in on alteration can take staff to believe that the alteration could hold negative downstream impact. In order to forestall this in the hereafter. I would rede them to take a different attack by holding staff be more involved with undertakings and include them as portion of the undertaking squads. Additionally. leting the staff clip to absorb the fact that there will be alterations in the hereafter and giving them a platform to be able to inquire inquiries. In add-on to supplying the staff a platform. leading besides needs to promote the staff to inquire inquiries and guarantee them that there will non be any recoil for those who do hold inquiries about the alteration. Last. as a alteration adviser. I would emphasis the importance sing the organisation from a birds-eye position ( intending that leading the context of the state of affairs from an internal and external position ) . If they would hold stepped back and looked all the external and internal factors prior to implementing the swipe card alteration. they may hold seen that implementing alteration over a holiday weekend might non be the best clip. they might hold identify staff moral being low due to internal decrease in force. and the fact that the company was fighting to retrieve from other external environmental jars. While there are many alteration attacks that may be suited for this type of alteration enterprise. it is my sentiment that the best attack for this alteration would hold been to utilize the Ten Commandments alter direction procedure. The ground for this is that it would hold resolved and perchance prevented the reaction that staff had towards the execution of swipe card because this alteration attack includes making a shared vision. affecting staff. holding the support of leading and political sponsorship. and developing an execution program ( Barry. Kanter. A ; Jick. 1992 ) . Decision Based on the information provided in the instance survey about the swipe card fiasco at British Airways and comparing cardinal issues to assorted alteration attacks. it can be seen that there are many countries where direction taken a different attack to the alteration. If a different attack was taken. it could hold easy lead to a successful swipe card execution versus the result that lead to the 250-check in staff. losing 40 million lbs and negatively set uping the company’s repute. MentionsAkin. G. . Dunford. R. . A ; Palmer. I. ( 2009 ) . Pull offing organisational alteration: a multiple position attack ( 2nd. Ed ) . New York. New york: McGraw-Hill Huy. Q. N. 2001. Time. temporal capableness. and planned alteration. Academy of Management Review 26 ( 4 ) :601–23 Kanter. R. M. . Stein. B. A. . A ; Jick. T. D. ( 1992 ) . The challenge of organisational alteration. New York. New york: Free Press. Levasseur. R. E. ( 2001 ) . People Skills: Change Management Tools–Lewin’s Change Model. Interfaces. 31 ( 4 ) . 71.

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game, even in the laboratory, Willis Haviland Carrier once said about being practical. In 1902, only one year after Willis  Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in  Engineering,  his first air conditioning unit was in operation. This made one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant kept causing the dimensions of his printing paper to alter and create misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and, as a result, aligned four-color printing became possible – all thanks to Carrier, a new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company who started working for a salary of only $10 a week. The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† was the first of several patents awarded to Willis Carrier in 1906. Although he’s recognized as the â€Å"father of air conditioning,† the term â€Å"air conditioning† actually originated with textile engineer Stuart H. Cramer. Cramer used the phrase â€Å"air conditioning† in a 1906 patent claim he  filed for a device that added water vapor to the air in textile plants to condition the yarn. Carrier disclosed his basic Rational Psychrometric Formulae to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1911. The formula still stands today as the basis in all fundamental calculations for the air conditioning industry. Carrier said he received his â€Å"flash of genius† while he was waiting for a train on a foggy night. He was thinking about the problem of temperature and humidity control and by the time the train arrived, he said he had an understanding of the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point. The Carrier Engineering Corporation Industries flourished with this new ability to control the temperature and humidity levels during and after production. Film, tobacco, processed meats, medical capsules, textiles and other products gained significant improvements as a result. Willis Carrier  and six other engineers formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation in 1915 with starting capital of $35,000. In 1995, sales topped $5 billion. The company was dedicated to improving air conditioning technology. The Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine Carrier patented the centrifugal refrigeration machine in 1921. This centrifugal chiller was the first practical method for  air conditioning large spaces. Previous refrigeration machines used reciprocating piston-driven compressors to pump refrigerant through the system, which was often toxic and flammable ammonia. Carrier designed a centrifugal compressor similar to the centrifugal turning blades of a water pump. The result was a safer and more efficient chiller. Consumer Comfort Cooling for human comfort rather than industrial need began in 1924 when three Carrier centrifugal chillers were installed in the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. Shoppers flocked to the â€Å"air  conditioned† store. This boom in human cooling spread from department stores to the movie theaters, most notably the Rivoli Theater in New York whose summer film business skyrocketed when it heavily advertised cool comfort. Demand increased for smaller units and the Carrier Company obliged. Residential Air Conditioners Willis Carrier developed the first residential â€Å"Weathermaker† in 1928, an air conditioner for private home use. The Great Depression and  World War II slowed the non-industrial use of air conditioning, but consumer sales rebounded after the war. The rest is cool and comfortable history.

Management and research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and research methods - Essay Example It is notable that the assignment requires students to practice flexibility through developing the research questions from any topic. With this flexibility, the researcher seeks to develop research questions for gaining marketplace intelligence and its ability to accept a new product. The researcher in this study chooses to work on behalf of a new company, XYZ manufacturing men’s shaving products. By the nature of their development, the after-shave products were made to target the youthful generation of men aged 18 – 35 years. Particularly, the research seeks to understand whether the marketplace is already aware of the company’s main after - shave product known as Inclined for Men. The research will seek to understand whether the market is ready for such a remarkable new product. The designed questionnaires shall appear in a table format and seek to justify the reasons for the selection of the questions, and the objectives. Questionnaire Development Research Obj ectives I. To understand the percentage of youthful men aged 18 – 35 years who use after shave products. II. To know the level to which the marketplace is already aware of Inclined for Men product. III. To know the particular reasons why the clients buy the product IV. To know the target population source of information regarding the after – shave products. V. ... IV. What are the sources where the target population access their information on hair care products? V. What is the entertainment life style for the targeted population? Design of a Relevant Questionnaire The questionnaire designed to capture these research questions and help generate feedback to realize the objectives uses both open and closed end questions. It is designed to be easy for those administering it to follow and even for self-administration by the research participants. The questionnaire contains all the relevant information that will lead to meeting the research process. Reasons for Choosing the Questions in the Questionnaire It is notable that this study seeks to understand the marketplace intelligence for the Inclined for Men after – shave product. In order to accomplish the study the questions that are asked must generate appropriate information required by the researcher. The questions are intelligently chosen to ensure that they are relevant. Furthermore, it is hoped that they will lead to the realization of the needed information. The reasons for choosing the questions in the questionnaire are discussed as follows. The first question seeks to establish the age of the respondent before they start answering the subsequent questions. This is important because the research targets young men aged 18 – 35 years. Literature also supports this approach that researchers must understand the age of the respondent before they go to the details of answering other information (Van, 2007; pg. 45). The reason for choosing this question is to ensure that the individual’s description matches the requirements of the target population. It has the option of ending the process in a case where the respondent’s