Sexism In Rock N Roll - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1634 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Sexism Essay Did you like this example? Thesis: Sexism is still alive in the rock world. Women artist in bands really dont get an fair chance. Women writers or women in general with a musical talent can basically have the craziest ideas that doesnt get appreciated as much a man in a rock band. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexism In Rock N Roll" essay for you Create order Men expect women to be half naked in order to get attention. Women should be able to be theirselves and wear what they please without being judged or shamed about their ideas. Its really no secret that popular music, rock n roll can be sexist and misogynistic. Rock nroll came to life in the 50s, with Chuck Berry, Elvis and Little Richard, they all became popular in the 60s when The Rolling Stones and The Beatles took over the world. At the time sex, drugs and rock n roll was a mantra, an rousing war cry for a generation in transition, hypnotized by the men on stage with their guitars and glorified in music magazines like Rolling Stone. A cool rock band was formed. Like most industries during that time, the music industry was dominated by men. Men worked most of the positions of power and controlled the flow of information. The rock ?n roll establishment created a culture that reflected this male domination (McLeod 2002). Before she was a pioneering woman in rock, Patti Smith commented that rock ?n roll is for men. Real rock ?n roll is a mans job. I dont want to see no chicks tit banging against a bass (Smith in Janowitz 1987). For that Smith went on to achieve, in hindsight we can view this statement as somewhat tongue-in-cheek. It does, however, reflect a commonly held belief that serious pop music is the domain of men (Davies 2001). The success of Patti Smith and others, like Aretha Franklin and Tina Turner, suggest that women arent necessarily excluded from pop and rock music, were just not sure exactly where they fit in. The study falls heavily on gender role theory and asks the question, where do women fit into popular music? Using content analysis, the research looks at a selection of Rolling Stone magazine Greatest of All-Time lists and aims to compare the way in which men and women are represented by these lists. The research is to help fill a gap in scholarly work that looks at gender roles, music and journalism at the same time. Also in order to find womens place in rock n roll, we need to make a link between the music created by women, the medias representation of this music and how this differs from men. How does Rolling Stone magazine, as media and as part of the rock ?n roll establishment, construct gender roles in music, and what is the female role? Much of this tends to focus on the notion that pop music journalism is dominated by men (McLeod 2002). Kembrew McLeod makes an serious connection between the masculine culture and the fact that only a few women occupy positions of power within the rock journalism establishment. For McLeod, this establishment was very much established. McLeod argues that this culture remains dominant: Who works as a rock critic in large parts depends on ones immersion in the social sphere that rock critics inhabit, which in many ways resembles the old boy networks that for years dominated most businesses (2002). Stories about women in music magazines are often included because of and or focused on, the womans appearance. One person only has to look at covers of Rolling Stone in order for this to be apparent. Cover stories about men are mostly concerned with career or musical contribution to the world. Those about women on the other hand are often featured a scantily clad artist, model or pop starlet on the cover, and a suggestive headline. Women are less likely than men to learn a rock instrument like guitar, bass and drums at an early age because society dictates what young boys and girls are supposed to do and there is also a lack of female musical role models for young girls to emulate. Girls are less likely to be included in the formation of an adolescent band because these are more often than not based on friendship rather than musicianship and boys, being boys, will pick their ?buddy over some girls as well as the fact early adolescent social life is gendered. The study looks at a selection of Rolling Stone magazine Greatest of All-Time lists, which can be found on the Rolling Stone website. Five lists have been chosen for the sample. They are: the 100 Greatest Singers of All-Time; 100 Greatest Guitarists of All-Time; 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time; the top 100 of the 500 Greatest Albums of All-Time; and the top 100 of the 500 Greatest Songs of All-Time. The included lists were published in print between 2003 and 2008. Subsequent updates have appeared on the Rolling Stone website. Rolling Stone magazine lists were chosen over other similar lists, such as Billboard, thebest100lists.com and thetoptens.com, because of its longevity and standing within both the mus ic and journalism worlds. Since the 1970s Rolling Stone has been thought of as a credible and reliable source of music and political news (Brady 2009) .Upon undertaking the preliminary research, it became apparent that it was necessary to document the instances where a female appears more than once in the sample. Many of the men and women, who are listed in the top half of one of the lists, appear in one or more other lists. For example, the 18 men and 2 women who appear in the top 20 of the Top 100 Singers of All-Time list, all feature in the top 70 of the 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time. Johnson-Grau, in Sweet Nothings, points to the idea that women artist and musicians must be extraordinary in order to warrant recognition in the company of men (2002, p. 210). The decision to exclude vocalists is based on the view that ensemble instrument playing is both the principal site of musical authority in rock music and the activity from which women have been most fully excluded (1999, p. 99). the total female entr ies over the entire sample. Looking at these numbers its not hard to view these women as ?extraordinary. Not because they are rated alongside men, but because all of them have been considered, by their contemporaries and music experts, to be amongst the greatest contributors to music in more than one category. While they are few, at least in relation to men, these women whove left their indelible mark on popular musics history are regarded extremely highly by the rock ?n roll establishment, of which Rolling Stone magazine is an important part. Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Janis Joplin, Dusty Springfield, Joni Mitchell, Patsy Cline, Bonnie Raitt, Ronnie Spector, Patti Smith and Stevie Nicks are the exception to the rule that rock critics and historians of pop music have a tendency to forget things that they dislike or that do not fit their particular version of rock ?n roll authenticity (Johnson-Grau 2002, p. 203). The sexualisation of women in the media is a hotly debated topic. Countless studies have looked a t the way in which the media portray women, and thus help create gender roles (see Belkaoui 1976; Tuchman 1979; and Carter Steiner 2003). Two main theories stand out. The first is that most women are portrayed in traditional gender roles, that is mother, wife, sister etc.; and the second is that most media focus on a womans aesthetic qualities rather than their ideas and achievements (see Tuchman 1978; Bahr 1980; Macdonald 1995; and Allen, Rush Kaufman 1996). Both of these are substantiated by the data. Rolling Stone presents the sexy, sassy, elegant powerhouse Tina (Jackson for Rolling Stone 2004); the confident, Gospel-singing, passionate Aretha (Rolling Stone 2004 [A]); and the sweet, delicate, naked within a song Dusty (Rolling Stone 2008). All of these depictions fit into what is culturally normal for women. Furthermore, they all suggest an element of sex, or imply the artist embodies a certain image. While its not difficult to argue that sex and fashion are an intrinsic part of the music industry, Phil Dwyer argues that music is actually a part of the fashion industry (Dwyer 2003) . Johnson-Grau puts forward the notion that women in the music industry are almost exclusively compared with other women (2002, p. 210). The data collected doesnt refute this. Furthermore, the data indicates that female musicians are more likely than men to be likened to anyone else, regardless of sex. Over the modified sample of 98 articles, there were 24 comparisons between artists made. On 15 of these occasions, the artist being compared to somebody else was female. Expressions such as: created possibilities for; set the road map for the success of; set the stage for; or influenced everyone from were found to be far more common in the descriptions of women, than they were in the descriptions of men. The notion that women need to be extraordinary, courageous and inspirational in order to succeed in the music business has been thoroughly examined in this discussion. Perhaps one more ingredient is also needed. The above data seems to suggest that the rock ?n roll establishment likes to be able to trace the lineage of female musicianship, by comparing each generation of women in music to the previous one. Frith believes the misogynist culture of rock music forms a symbolic barrier to womens participation in rock ?n roll (1981, p. 228) . The sexualisation of women in the media is a hotly debated topic. Countless studies have looked at the way in which the media portray women, and thus help create gender roles (see Belkaoui 1976; Tuchman 1979; and Carter Steiner 2003). Two main theories stand out. The first is that most women are portrayed in traditional gender roles, that is mother, wife, sister etc.; and the second is that most media focus on a womans aesthetic qualities rather than their ideas and achievements (see Tuchman 1978; Bahr 1980; Macdonald 1995; and Allen, Rush Kaufman 1996).

Teen Pregnancy Is A Convenient Excuse - 1152 Words

Teen pregnancy is often seen as a mistake, however blaming teen pregnancy on one or two things or person doesn’t resolve the solution. Teen pregnancy is something that affects millions of young teens in the United States. For some , these pregnancies are planned but majority of teen pregnancy is unplanned. Teen pregnancy causes a lot of endless problems in the lives of the teen and the newborn child. According to the article â€Å" Blaming TV for Teen Pregnancy Is A convenient excuse† by Schroeder â€Å"We need to spend more time talking with young people, at home, at school, in religious communities - and yes, even in the media - about sex and sexuality in ways that help them understand and believe that they have a choice: the choice to be teens before becoming teen parents.† Neither the media content or country should be blamed for the influence of teen pregnancy. The rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is often blamed on social media, whoever this is not the case. According to Elizabeth Schroeder’s article Blaming TV For Teen Pregnancy Is A Convenient Excuse† she states reasons for the world to be skeptical â€Å"whenever any research claims that there’s a direct cause and effect relationship between one thing such as television viewing, and something as complex as teenage pregnancy. Elizabeth Schroeder`s also stated that â€Å" Regardless of what is in the media adults need to be educating young people earlier about sexuality and sexual health,† so they make the rightShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: To Medicate or Not to Medicate?2369 Words   |  10 Pagesclassroom and a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder often gets into trouble at school and/or home. If not recognized early this child now categorized, as a â€Å"trouble maker† becomes a frustrated, unde rachiever with low self-esteem. These teen have a higher rate of substance use and as adults can find themselves with a history of failed relationships and frequently under or unemployed (Addresources.org). Diagnosis of this behavioral disorder is a several step process. There is no singleRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesRecruiting Minorities and Women 60 Adverse Impact 61 Chapter 4 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 Learning Outcomes 84 Introduction 86 What Other Laws Affect Discrimination Practices? 61 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 62 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 62 viii Contents Employee Rights Legislation and the HRM Implications 86 The Privacy Act of 1974 86 The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1974 87 The Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 87 The Polygraph Protection ActRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesoffer 86 CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS 2. A consumer advocate organization conducted a survey to determine whether Wendy’s hamburgers were really any more â€Å"hot and juicy† than any other hamburgers. After testing a Big Mac, a Whopper, a Teen Burger, and a Wendy’s Hot and Juicy, each hamburger brand received approximately the same number of votes for being the juiciest. The consumer group advocated that Wendy’s not advertise its hamburgers to be the juiciest. The company indicated that

The Long Telegrams Impact on the Truman Doctrine free essay sample

Telegram and Its impact on the Truman Doctrine George Seamans long telegram had many impacts on the American foreign policy. Its influence can be seen directly through the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The Long Telegram influenced Traumas doctrine of containment, and it opened the eyes of many Washington officials as to how dangerous the Soviets and more specifically communism was. George Seamans Long Telegram was a reply as to why the Soviets werent supporting the World Bank and the International Money Fund.At the time, he American view Of the Soviet was friendly, yet cautious because the Soviets had been allied with the IIS in VOW/II. The long telegram, which weaseled to the public in 1947, basically created the foundation on which the Cold War stood from the US point of view. By claiming that the Soviets were completely against capitalism, would side with Marxist, and separated from reality, Keenan set up a standard system of beliefs that the US would follow throughout the Cold War, and even gave ideas as to how to combat the Soviets if need be. The Long Telegram gave the US clear reason to consider war with Russia inevitable. It fostered further fear in America of the Soviets by talking about how Russia couldnt be trusted and great lengths should be taken to ensure the absence of Soviets and their influence in America. The Truman Doctrine was a contribution made to foreign policy by Harry Truman in 1 947, after the Long Telegram had come into being. Truman declared, kind of like Willows Moral Diplomacy, that it was the US duty to spread democracy and battle communism.Truman asked Congress to send aid to Greece and Turkey. After being ravaged by Germany in WI, Greece had been about to lose aid from Great Britain; Turkey had also depended greatly on the help of the US and Britain. The US would have been in danger of losing power over the Soviets and in Europe and Asia had Russia gained the two countries. This proves that what George Keenan wrote helped Truman realize that he needed to help other nations and create the foreign policy.Kansas telegram greatly impacted many other aspects of the Truman citrine, for example the Truman Doctrine all but promised that the United States would resist any Soviet expansion. This reflects Seamans advise that the United States must carefully choose its points Of resistance. Seamans notion of containment which was expressed in the Long Telegram was also illustrates in the Truman Doctrine. George Kansas writings inspired America and thanks to the Long Telegram and the Truman Doctrine, America opened their eyes and did what was necessary to not allow themselves to be over ruled by the soviets.

Macbeth the story of circumstance Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth the story of circumstance: Victim or Villain: Circumstance is a powerful and dangerous device against those who are weak. It can sway one?s decisions between good and evil, concealing judgment and dismantles the very principle that makes us human. It plays the vital role of a protagonist villain, an invisible danger to the hero in William Shakespeare?s Macbeth. The circumstances and decisions of Macbeth will indeed lead to the destruction of his very soul. Macbeth begins as very honorable Thane of Glamis and Scottish general who fights the Irish invaders with ?great courage and violence? as stated by the captain when explaining how Macbeth slays Macdonald the Irish leader. Macbeth will soon be surrounded by multiple circumstances that fill his mind with dangerous advice which will lead to the demise of his soul as well as his life. The 3 most influential characters include the witches, lady Macbeth, and Macbeth himself that lead to the killing of Duncan. The Witches: The first of the three major circumstances Macbeth falls victim to the are the witches' predictions. Macbeth and Banquo are cornered when the three witches explain that he shall become the thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is mystified by this title, as he has not yet heard of King Duncan?s decision. The witches also announce that Macbeth will be king one day. Stunned, Macbeth asks the witches for more information, but they have turned their attention to Banquo. The witches call Banquo ?lesser than Macbeth, and greater,? and ?not so happy, yet much happier?; then they tell him that he will never be king but that his children will sit upon the throne (1.3.63?65). Macbeths and Banquo are distraught over the witches? predictions .Macbeth states ?Your children shall be kings,? he says to his friend, to whom Banquo responds: ?You shall be king? (1.3.84). Their conversation is interrupted by the news that Macbeth has been named Thane of Cawdor by king Duncan due to the treasonous acts of the former thane. The third prophecy really gets Macbeth?s reasoning racing into madness; there his mind is filled with the fantastic thoughts about how he could steal the kingdom from Duncan. The witches had been right on the track with their predictions up to this point. Macbeth is a little Leary; the only way to become king is to kill the beloved Duncan which could bring a major uprising from the people. Lady Macbeth: The second of the circumstances is Lady Macbeth. Macbeth?s wife, a very persuading and ambitious woman has an unquenchable thirst for power. Lady Macbeth reads the letter prepared by her husband that announces his new position as well as the meeting with the witches. Lady Macbeth realizes what is at stake and will desperately tries to convince her husband to do whatever it takes to make himself king. When she receives the news that her husband is near the castle, she makes the speech ?you spirits. That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full, of direst cruelty? (1.5.38?41). She urges her husband to stop at nothing to seize the crown, telling Macbeth to have patience she will construct the plan to dethrone Duncan. Macbeth struggles against his desires to become king and the terrible consequences of doing so, after all he is Duncan?s kinsman, host, and the king is loved by all. These circumstances offer him nothing but a guilty cons. Lady Macbeth is livid once she finds out Macbeths intentions are no longer to kill the king, she calls him a coward and questions his manhood. When you durst do it,? she says, ?then you were a man? (1.7.49). She has a plan a perfect murder; when the king falls asleep, she will get the chamberlains intoxicated, then they can slip in and kill Duncan. The murderous cover up will be slain on the chamberlains. Macbeth then agrees to proceed with the murder, blown away by the daring nature of her plan. Lady Macbeth?s words not only convince but taunt her husband and erasing his immoral thoughts from memory. Macbeth is now in-between an unjust man and villain. When Macbeth kills Duncan with the dagger, he states the deed is done. Lady Macbeth attempts

British Airways- Case Study Essay Essay Example

British Airways British Airways- Case Study Essay Paper British Airways- Case Study Essay Paper The scenario upon which this paper is based relates to the British Airways Swipe Card Debacle instance survey from the text edition. Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspective Approach ( Akin. Dunford. A ; Palmer. 2009 ) . The intent of this paper is to analyse and discourse the organisational alteration associated to the execution of a new swipe card system that led to strike of over 250 British Airways check-in staff. losing 40 million lbs and negatively set uping the company’s repute. Additionally. this paper will associate the instance survey to several alteration attacks ( organisational development. sense-making. alteration direction. eventuality. and processual ) and place cardinal issues. Additionally. this paper will analyze the instance survey from my position. as if I were a hired alteration adviser for British Airways responsible for supplying advise and recommendations on how to avoid this type of state of affairs. Additionally. as a alteration advise r. I provide my recommendation as to what possible alteration attack or combinations of a alteration attack would hold been best to utilize for the swipe card alteration enterprise. Change Perspective and Key Issues Prior to traveling into being able to efficaciously supply advise and recommendations on this instance survey. it is first of import to discourse facets of different alteration attacks. Additionally. associate cardinal issues of the swipe card fiasco to these alteration attacks. With that. this subdivision paper will concentrate on identify specific facets of the undermentioned alteration attacks and how these facets relate to the instance survey: organisational development. sense-making. alteration direction. eventuality. and processual. Organizational Development Approach The organisational development alteration attack is a good thought through and exhaustively planned alteration attack that focuses on staff development. Additionally. one of the cardinal facets to the organisational development attack is the importance placed on the demand to organize groups and squads. which work together to organize the cardinal focal point for alteration ( Akin. Dunford. A ; Palmer. 2009 ) . Unfortunately. this really of import feature of organisational development attack was genuinely non used as portion of the alteration attack for the swipe card execution. For case. if groups and squads were created to organize the cardinal focal point for the alteration. none of the 250 check-in staff were invited to take part. Sense-making Approach The sense-making attack is really similar to Kurt Lewin’s organisational alteration theoretical account. At a high-level. this theoretical account has three primary phases known as Unfreeze ( placing where the company is at. in relation to environmental alteration and organisational construction ) . Change ( period of clip where the alteration is being made ) . and Refreeze ( alteration is complete and the organisation has embedded the alteration within its civilization ) ( Levasseur. 2001 ) . However. there is one rebuff difference with the sense-making attack. in that the 2nd phase is more the about rebalance where the organisation balances the external environment with its internal environment. An illustration of a cardinal issue associated to this from the instance survey is the fact that it appears those responsible for the Future Size and Shape recovery plan. did non take the first phase into consideration. More specifically. the group did non factor in how the company w as still retrieving from environmental alterations such as. 9/11. Iraqi war. and SARS. Additionally. did non see if this was the right clip for this type of alteration. Change Management ApproachThere are several different alteration direction attacks but the one focused on within this paper is the alteration direction attack Ten Commandments attack. developed by Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Barry A. Stein. and Todd D. Jick. In the book. The Challenges of Organizational Change. Kanter. Stein. and Jick elaborate on what they believe to be the necessary stairss to efficaciously implement alteration within an organisation. One of these stairss. which is something that was non executed in the swipe card fiasco. is the measure to make a shared vision. While the Future Size and Shape project squad may hold had a shared vision of the swipe card alteration. this same vision was decidedly non shared by the 250 check-in staff. Contingency Approach Similar to the alteration direction attack. the eventuality attack has many different fluctuations. For case. one of these attacks is categorized into the undermentioned four ideal types: commanding ( alteration intercession. directed by leading and is typically driven by the demand to implement rapidly and suddenly ) . technology ( change agent. who besides acts as an analyst implements the alteration along with those who planing the alteration to procedure and systems ) . learning ( 3rd party advisers work with internal staff to help with identify new ways of operation and is change intercession that is a long-run program ) . and socialising ( democratic attack that is a gradual alteration procedure attack ) ( Huy. 2001 ) . Each of these attacks are acceptable but may non all work in every type of state of affairs. For case. within the British Airways instance survey. it seems as though the undertaking squad chose to use the dominating attack for the execution of the swipe cards. T he check-in staff were wholly immune to non merely the swipe card alteration but were besides immune to the existent attack taken to implement that alteration. Processual Approach Similar to the sense-making attack. the processual attack besides looks at the relationship of external and internal environments. However. with the processual attack. it focuses on the restraints and chances of both environments. Within the instance survey. the undertaking squad did non take into consideration how the external environment impacts the internal environment and how the internal environment besides effects the staff. For case. the staff being on border and untrusting of alteration was a consequence state of affairss and alterations both internally ( one Forth decrease in staff ) and externally ( environmental jars like inroads on its markets from budget rivals ) . The combination of these state of affairss. led to the staff being fearful and overreacting to the possibility that the new swipe card procedure could take to another decrease in staff. Change Consultant As a alteration adviser for British Airways. I would supply the undermentioned list of lessons learned from the swipe card fiasco: deficiency in including those straight affected by alteration can take to staff being uncomfortable and unsure about a alteration ; deficiency of taking internal and external environments into consideration is non to the full understanding the cumulative consequence that these have on the staff ; taking a dominating attack to implement alteration can take to staff differing with the manner a alteration is being managed ; and deficiency of communicating and deriving buy-in on alteration can take staff to believe that the alteration could hold negative downstream impact. In order to forestall this in the hereafter. I would rede them to take a different attack by holding staff be more involved with undertakings and include them as portion of the undertaking squads. Additionally. leting the staff clip to absorb the fact that there will be alterations in the hereafter and giving them a platform to be able to inquire inquiries. In add-on to supplying the staff a platform. leading besides needs to promote the staff to inquire inquiries and guarantee them that there will non be any recoil for those who do hold inquiries about the alteration. Last. as a alteration adviser. I would emphasis the importance sing the organisation from a birds-eye position ( intending that leading the context of the state of affairs from an internal and external position ) . If they would hold stepped back and looked all the external and internal factors prior to implementing the swipe card alteration. they may hold seen that implementing alteration over a holiday weekend might non be the best clip. they might hold identify staff moral being low due to internal decrease in force. and the fact that the company was fighting to retrieve from other external environmental jars. While there are many alteration attacks that may be suited for this type of alteration enterprise. it is my sentiment that the best attack for this alteration would hold been to utilize the Ten Commandments alter direction procedure. The ground for this is that it would hold resolved and perchance prevented the reaction that staff had towards the execution of swipe card because this alteration attack includes making a shared vision. affecting staff. holding the support of leading and political sponsorship. and developing an execution program ( Barry. Kanter. A ; Jick. 1992 ) . Decision Based on the information provided in the instance survey about the swipe card fiasco at British Airways and comparing cardinal issues to assorted alteration attacks. it can be seen that there are many countries where direction taken a different attack to the alteration. If a different attack was taken. it could hold easy lead to a successful swipe card execution versus the result that lead to the 250-check in staff. losing 40 million lbs and negatively set uping the company’s repute. MentionsAkin. G. . Dunford. R. . A ; Palmer. I. ( 2009 ) . Pull offing organisational alteration: a multiple position attack ( 2nd. Ed ) . New York. New york: McGraw-Hill Huy. Q. N. 2001. Time. temporal capableness. and planned alteration. Academy of Management Review 26 ( 4 ) :601–23 Kanter. R. M. . Stein. B. A. . A ; Jick. T. D. ( 1992 ) . The challenge of organisational alteration. New York. New york: Free Press. Levasseur. R. E. ( 2001 ) . People Skills: Change Management Tools–Lewin’s Change Model. Interfaces. 31 ( 4 ) . 71.

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game, even in the laboratory, Willis Haviland Carrier once said about being practical. In 1902, only one year after Willis  Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in  Engineering,  his first air conditioning unit was in operation. This made one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant kept causing the dimensions of his printing paper to alter and create misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and, as a result, aligned four-color printing became possible – all thanks to Carrier, a new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company who started working for a salary of only $10 a week. The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† was the first of several patents awarded to Willis Carrier in 1906. Although he’s recognized as the â€Å"father of air conditioning,† the term â€Å"air conditioning† actually originated with textile engineer Stuart H. Cramer. Cramer used the phrase â€Å"air conditioning† in a 1906 patent claim he  filed for a device that added water vapor to the air in textile plants to condition the yarn. Carrier disclosed his basic Rational Psychrometric Formulae to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1911. The formula still stands today as the basis in all fundamental calculations for the air conditioning industry. Carrier said he received his â€Å"flash of genius† while he was waiting for a train on a foggy night. He was thinking about the problem of temperature and humidity control and by the time the train arrived, he said he had an understanding of the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point. The Carrier Engineering Corporation Industries flourished with this new ability to control the temperature and humidity levels during and after production. Film, tobacco, processed meats, medical capsules, textiles and other products gained significant improvements as a result. Willis Carrier  and six other engineers formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation in 1915 with starting capital of $35,000. In 1995, sales topped $5 billion. The company was dedicated to improving air conditioning technology. The Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine Carrier patented the centrifugal refrigeration machine in 1921. This centrifugal chiller was the first practical method for  air conditioning large spaces. Previous refrigeration machines used reciprocating piston-driven compressors to pump refrigerant through the system, which was often toxic and flammable ammonia. Carrier designed a centrifugal compressor similar to the centrifugal turning blades of a water pump. The result was a safer and more efficient chiller. Consumer Comfort Cooling for human comfort rather than industrial need began in 1924 when three Carrier centrifugal chillers were installed in the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. Shoppers flocked to the â€Å"air  conditioned† store. This boom in human cooling spread from department stores to the movie theaters, most notably the Rivoli Theater in New York whose summer film business skyrocketed when it heavily advertised cool comfort. Demand increased for smaller units and the Carrier Company obliged. Residential Air Conditioners Willis Carrier developed the first residential â€Å"Weathermaker† in 1928, an air conditioner for private home use. The Great Depression and  World War II slowed the non-industrial use of air conditioning, but consumer sales rebounded after the war. The rest is cool and comfortable history.

Management and research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and research methods - Essay Example It is notable that the assignment requires students to practice flexibility through developing the research questions from any topic. With this flexibility, the researcher seeks to develop research questions for gaining marketplace intelligence and its ability to accept a new product. The researcher in this study chooses to work on behalf of a new company, XYZ manufacturing men’s shaving products. By the nature of their development, the after-shave products were made to target the youthful generation of men aged 18 – 35 years. Particularly, the research seeks to understand whether the marketplace is already aware of the company’s main after - shave product known as Inclined for Men. The research will seek to understand whether the market is ready for such a remarkable new product. The designed questionnaires shall appear in a table format and seek to justify the reasons for the selection of the questions, and the objectives. Questionnaire Development Research Obj ectives I. To understand the percentage of youthful men aged 18 – 35 years who use after shave products. II. To know the level to which the marketplace is already aware of Inclined for Men product. III. To know the particular reasons why the clients buy the product IV. To know the target population source of information regarding the after – shave products. V. ... IV. What are the sources where the target population access their information on hair care products? V. What is the entertainment life style for the targeted population? Design of a Relevant Questionnaire The questionnaire designed to capture these research questions and help generate feedback to realize the objectives uses both open and closed end questions. It is designed to be easy for those administering it to follow and even for self-administration by the research participants. The questionnaire contains all the relevant information that will lead to meeting the research process. Reasons for Choosing the Questions in the Questionnaire It is notable that this study seeks to understand the marketplace intelligence for the Inclined for Men after – shave product. In order to accomplish the study the questions that are asked must generate appropriate information required by the researcher. The questions are intelligently chosen to ensure that they are relevant. Furthermore, it is hoped that they will lead to the realization of the needed information. The reasons for choosing the questions in the questionnaire are discussed as follows. The first question seeks to establish the age of the respondent before they start answering the subsequent questions. This is important because the research targets young men aged 18 – 35 years. Literature also supports this approach that researchers must understand the age of the respondent before they go to the details of answering other information (Van, 2007; pg. 45). The reason for choosing this question is to ensure that the individual’s description matches the requirements of the target population. It has the option of ending the process in a case where the respondent’s

ASCE Raising the Bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ASCE Raising the Bar - Essay Example The ASCE wants to have standards for the engineering to be global as well having security breaches and terrorism concerns as far as the professional practices is concerned. At the same time the infrastructure should be able to use materials which has costing for life cycle. The people should be automated and the transportation should be good. The basic infrastructure should be accessible equitably by all of its members. There should also be green and smart infrastructure. On the environmental issues, the ASCE wanted to have a balance between the environmental demands and the economy. This was supposed to be achieved by the engineers. It was also wanted to have trends, which are macro globally across the national borders. There was also need for earning a social license. It wanted to solve the government and the non government conflicts, which were on the rise among the engineering arena. It also wanted a population that was burgeoning. The ASCE was expecting to be seeing civil engine ers who will be attracting leaders in their field of professionalism. The civil engineers were also supposed to be greater investors in the development as well as in the research field. They were supposed to have new and up to date methods of projects’ finances and have a command in managements of the risks. In the infrastructures, the managers were supposed to demonstrate professionalism with holistic visions as well as persons who masters ethics and integrity. In the environment, they were to demonstrate sustainability with leading cross cultural and managing teams, which are of cross discipline. Their niche was supposed to connect firmly across the globe. They were also the need for having a professional society of practicing civil engineers. The ASCE were also considering the civil engineers as providing guidance which were clear and critical for determining the policies of the public as well as defining the agendas of the research. There was also need for standardization of international codes that were to be performance based as far as the civil engineers are concerned. The projects that seemed to be basic infrastructure were deemed fit to include the have-nots participation in them hence giving the ASCE reason to propose changes. There was also need to incorporate some interdisciplinary which are of technological value, these included the nanotechnology, remote sensing, and the bioengineering among others. There was also need for having a more applied and proactive development and research of the civil engineering. The other reason was because of the need to have a no political, cultural and geographical boundaries as far as the civil engineering is concerned. There was also need to have the literacy in the technology as the poverty level was increasing and the world population was on the decrease, this called for the technology workers who were seen to take the balance. The other reason was as the result of the widening of the gap between the ha ves and the have-nots, which was rising tremendously. It was also seen that there might be competition of the resources that are scarce and they include the natural resources, the money factors as well as the people who are trained technologically. It was also noticed that the technology innovation rate may results to inability of the users to assimilate it efficiently. There was also some urge on the

Encouraging more Respect for the Dutch Culture Essay Example for Free

Encouraging more Respect for the Dutch Culture Essay Introduction For my personal project I have decided to write a book (appendix 1) about the Dutch culture and habits. I was inspired to do this project, because a lot of people think that everyone in Holland smoked marihuana at least once a day, walks on clogs all the time and has a garden full of tulips. When I first joined ISS I noticed that everyone assumed that I loved cheese and they still do. This inspired me to do write this book, because I want people to know more about Holland and gain more respect for the country. This is important to me, because I want everyone to not always stereotype the Netherlands. My Area of Interaction for this project will be Community and Service. I chose this Area of Interaction, because I am writing a book for the community to read. I want to inspire the community to see Holland through a different view. I want people to have more respect for the Dutch  culture and its habits after reading my book. By doing this I not only help the school community, but also the Dutch community by encouraging more respect for their culture. Since I am doing this for free it is a service. I think that giving out a book for free is going to make the book more successful. More people would want to read it and so more people will be encouraged to have more respect for Holland. That is why my AOI is Community and Service. My goal of writing this book is that people will start to have more respect for the Dutch culture. I do not want everyone to just assume that I wear clogs at home, eat cheese everyday and especially that I smoke marihuana. I also want to get more non-fiction writing experience and skill by writing this book. This will help me for writing essays and other informative writing tasks. I will measure my goal by seeing if the attitude of people improves after reading my book. What I mean to say by this is that: if they lessened the stereotypical comments, than I believe that their respect has increased. I have designed an 11-point plan for my Personal Project. Make a survey and ask the questions to people in Holland to get their opinion. Buy and read books about the Dutch culture, so I can use these in my project. Find websites on the Internet about clogs, Dutch cheese, drug consumption in the Netherlands etc. I will keep researching. Ask the questions of the survey to people in ISS. Plan out my book. I will plan out what I want chapters to be about and in what order I will put them. Write an introduction for the book. Writing an introduction is important, because it introduces the reader to the book and shows what the reader can expect. I will start on writing the book and finish at least 1/3 of it before the progress fair, so I can present this on the progress fair. I will finish my book around January. This will not be the completed version. I will ask some people to read the rough draft. I will use the feedback I get to improve and finish the book. When finished I will make a table of contents and a cover page. Then I put everything together in a folder and hand it in on the due date. Description of the process Research and Planning First, I had to plan out the whole entire process. As shown in the introduction I had an eleven-point plan to finish my personal project. That was just a rough draft of all the things I was going to do, but now I will describe the whole process in detail. I started my project a little bit before the summer break. I started researching on how to write a non-fiction book. This was very critical to my project, because I have never written a book before and it was very likely to take longer if I did not use these websites. (Stephanie Chandeler, 2009) (Bobbi Linkemer, 2010) After this I thought of the survey questions I was going to ask people about Holland. The week after I planned this, my family and me went to the Netherlands and I planned to do the survey there. I asked the survey questions to as many family members and friends as I could, until we went home. I had about 25 persons interviewed and I was convinced that this was going to help me during the project. I put all the answers of the survey into an Excel document. (appendix 2) After the all this research I realized that I did not have a plan. I quickly made a 11-point plan to write my book. I was very stupid of me to write the plan so late. I will discuss this further in the conclusion. Two weeks after school started I asked the survey questions to the whole entire tenth grade class. Some of these surveys were very useful and actually helped me writing my book. But many of them were not taken seriously and I thought this was very disappointing, because I expected a little better of my classmates. Writing the first half and rewriting first half After all of this research I started writing the book. Three weeks after the school started I wrote my introduction to the book (word from the Author). This was very important to the book, because in this introduction I had to introduce the whole entire book and as I said before I have difficulties starting a writing task. But once I get into writing, then I can keep on writing for maybe 15 minutes straight. After that I wrote chapter one of my book. It was not very hard on deciding what my first chapter should be on, because almost every non-fiction book starts out with a basic overview of the topic that will be discussed. So my first chapter was about the geographical facts about Holland, like its area, population, religion  percentage and other basic facts about The Netherlands. The second chapter was about the provinces of Holland. I believed that this was important to explain, because every province is different and I wanted to show that not everything in Holland is the same a s some people think. It is like the states in the U.S., people in Georgia are completely different from people in Texas. Then I started on the third chapter, which was about the water in Holland. I talked about the lakes, rivers, seas and polders in Holland. The fourth chapter was the last chapter I wrote before the progress fair. It was about the history of Holland. I discussed important wars and events that effected Holland on what it is today. Three days later I presented what I had written so far at the progress fair. Not a lot of people were interested in my project and only about 5 kids stopped to look and ask questions about my project. A week later the biggest problem happened throughout the whole project. I lost all my progress so far on what I have written. For some reason my laptop deleted nearly everything that I had written so far. The only thing that wasn’t gone was my introduction. This was a very big problem and I should have had a back up. The next school week and one and a half week of the break I spend rewriting my whole entire first half of the book. This wasted a lot of my time I could have actually spent starting my second half of the book. I believe that the second version of my book was slightly different than the first version, but only small improvements were made. It could even be that I may have left some things out and have added some things, so my first version could have been better or worse. Writing the second half of the book The second half of the book was a little more difficult. I had covered all of the basic things, like geography and history. Now I needed all the things that people were stereotyping and making fun of, because my goal was to encourage more respect for the Dutch community by writing the actual truth instead of writing. I first decided to make a chapter on significant and famous Dutch people before talking about stereotypes. In the appendix chapter 5 of my book is shown and as you can see I talk about famous Dutch people in the past (like Vincent Van Gogh), and famous Dutch people in the present (like Johan Cruijff). I thought that this was also important to put into my book, because some people did not know any famous Dutch people and I  thought it was a good idea to also include this in my book. I finally started writing about some typical Dutch things. My sixth chapter was about Dutch holidays and traditions. I included holidays in them like the Dutch carnaval and Sinterklaas, because those are two very popular and well-known holidays all over Holland. This chapter is also included in the appendix. My seventh chapter was about Dutch eating habits and I talked about food like Dutch cheese and its stereotypes and liquorice. I hoped that I made a lot of things clear about Dutch people and cheese in this chapter. The eighth chapter of my book was about tolerance in the Netherlands. Here I hope I made a lot of things clear about the red light district, drug legalization in Holland and legalized prostitution in Holland. My final chapter was about typical Dutch things like windmills and tulips. I explained that not everyone grows tulips in their garden and not everyone in Holland lives in a windmill! After I finished all of my chapters I let my mother and father read it through for some feedback. Using the feedback I got, I improved my book. Afterwards I wrote my afterword and bibliography. In the afterword I thanked all the people that helped me write the book and summarize the conclusion of the book. At last I put the book together and made a table of contents. So, finally after 6 months of hard work, problems and bad time management I finished my book and handed it in. I hope everyone who will read the book will gain more respect for the people of The Netherlands and will think twice before concluding anything about Holland and its culture. Analysis Useful resources and the AOI linked to it My project was a project that was based on and dependent on a lot of research. So the research changed my personal project a lot. As I told in the process description, I did some research on how to write a book and I also did a survey with a lot of people. This survey affected my personal project a lot, because this showed me what people of different ages were thinking about Holland internationally. I used this survey in a lot of chapters in my book, so I could see what people were thinking about Holland. As I mentioned before my project was dependent on research. I used a lot of websites and most other websites were useful in the same way. I found websites about cheese, traditions, polders and many other things. There were  only two parts of my research that were more important than all the information sources. These were the survey and the websites on how to write a book. These helped me reach my goal better. The survey helped, because this showed me what a lot of people were thinking and so I could decide what I should write several of my chapters about. The websites on how to write book helped, because it is always very difficult for me to start an essay or any other writing task. These websites helped me start out and guided me throughout the whole writing process. Another very useful website that helped me finish my longest chapter, chapter 2, was a website called tripadvisor.com (Tripadvisor, 2000) I used a lot of sources I used and it would be a miracle if I remembered all of them word by word. Some of which I remember do relate to the AOI. The source that links the most to the AOI is my survey results. Asking people from two different communities questions about their personal opinions created this survey. One was the Dutch community who all gave similar answers and mostly answers that make sense to me. The other was an international community who also gave similar answers, but made less sense. Some people did not take this survey seriously and some people gave stupid answers. One example is that some people just wrote weed next to every answer. These were the survey that did not help me at all and I just threw them away. By seeing this I could conclude that not a lot of foreigners knew about the Dutch people and their culture. Changes in the plan I changed a lot of things in the plan. At the very beginning I said that I would create the survey first. What I actually did first was research on how to write a book. This was an important change in the plan, because if I didn’t than probably my book would have been less organized, I probably forgot the table of contents and my introduction would take maybe three days. Another change I made in one of the points in the plan was that I did not interview people from the I was planning in doing so, but than I decided not to. I am a very shy person when it comes to asking a stranger a bunch of questions. I was afraid that they might be startled and most of them just say no, because they don’t have time. I was also afraid that people think I am some crazy kid asking them some stupid questions about their own country. Another change in the plan was that I switched point 4 and 5 around. Now, I  first planned out the book and then I surveyed the tenth grade. I did this, because I saw that some people were still getting used to their homework pattern in tenth grade and would probably forget one â€Å"unimportant† survey and that would leave me with maybe 15 completed surveys in my hands. So I first planned out the book and later when most people were less stressed I asked the survey questions. The biggest change is probably that I would have had the book finished in January. I had to change this, because of the problem that occurred I explained about in the description process. Almost all of my work got deleted. Due to this I could not work on my second half of the project in the Christmas break. I finished up my rough draft in the February break and had two days to use feedback from my mother and father to improve my book. This change also had effect on nearly all of my last points, because of the little time that was left after the deletion of my project. Techniques used in the project and time management I did not use a lot of different techniques in my project. Since my project is writing a book not as many techniques are used as in making a movie or sporting. The technique I used most was research and write. For a non-fiction book this is obvious, because the information in the book does require a lot of research. There are also other techniques I used, like the interview. The interview was, as I explained before, critical to my project. This interview was very effective to my project, because it is always good to not only have second hand sources. To have a first hand source can come in really handy, because one cannot always believe what is on the Internet. My time management could have been better. First of all it would have been better if I had finished everything up until my book introduction in the summer break, because than I could have entirely focused on writing my book for the rest of the year. The other big thing that interfered with my time schedule was the deletion of my project. As I explained before I had to rewrite all over again during the Christmas break. And the last thing that is again completely my fault, is that I let the final chapter of my book all come down to one holiday. I worked everyday on the project in the holiday and was really stressed throughout the whole ‘holiday’. I should have spread it out over the last three weeks, but I admit I was too lazy and thought that I wasted half of my Christmas break on my project that I won’t do a lot  in the weeks to come. This is a thought that I will not ever think again after what happened. Has my understanding of my AOI grown during the project? My understanding of the AOI has definitely improved over the course of the year. My understanding about why one should respect another culture has grown a lot. I have realized more than ever that I have to respect other cultures more and stop making stereotypical jokes in order to gain respect from other people for my culture. I also understand more how my book could contribute and has contributed to a community. By reading my book some people have gained respect for Holland and its culture as I mentioned before. Now maybe 10 people read the book and maybe 5 of these have gained respect for the Dutch culture. This benefitted the small Dutch community in our school. But let us say that half of Germany reads my book. I think that around 40%/50% of these people would actually understand and respect the Dutch culture more. If such a thing happened than it could have contributed to the whole Dutch community. Understanding and quality of the product I understand many more things now about writing a book. The main thing that I have learned is to have a back up for every chapter you make. I have learned this the hard way. Another major thing that I understand now is that writing a book is not as easy as I expected it to be. It requires a lot of research, creativity and especially time. If you do not plan you time well then writing a book can take a really long time. I wrote a book double-spaced, size 14 and 6800 words in 46 pages in about 6 months. A writer that does single-spaced, size 12 and around 500 pages would maybe take 30 years over one book if he/she wrote in my tempo. And if I wrote in their tempo than I would be done with the project in maybe a month or so. So my understanding is that writing a book is mostly about planning and a lot of dedication to one’s work. I am quite proud on what I produced. I never thought myself capable of writing a book. Compared to the work of a professional writer my book is very short. I compared my work to a book called â€Å"The Dutch, I presume?†(Martijn de Rooj, April 2009) and another book called â€Å"Holland† (Herman Van Amsterdam, 2009) and saw that mine was way shorter. These man also has more experience when it comes to writing a book. they designed it really clever and also had other professionals working with them; like  professional photographers and artists. The Difficulty of the project Overall I would not consider my project as a difficult project. I also don’t think it is easy. Writing a book is not as easy as people think it is, because it requires a lot of planning and a bit of creativity. But it is also not extremely difficult, because if you planned everything than you just let your mind and hands do the work and just keep on writing until you cannot write anymore. I think writing a non-fiction book is more for people who are looking for a challenge. Conclusion Have I met my Goal? I believe that I have met my goal to a certain extent. The first part of my goal was to encourage more respect for the Dutch culture. This point is not very clear yet, because only one foreigner has read the book until now. But I believe that the book will have some impact on the respect people have for Holland. I told some of my classmates some facts about the Netherlands and they stopped making fun of the things I told them are not even close to the truth. My other goal was to get more informative writing skills. I believe that I really have achieved this goal, because I find it easier to write more on one-world essays or history essays now, because I wrote this book. This project also helped me a lot with researching skills. Before I only used to look on the Internet, but now I will start using other sources like books and first hand sources to research. By doing this I can get more information about a subject and this will, hopefully, get me better grades. Things that I would do differently if I could start over There are a lot of things I would do differently next time. The first one is to have a back up for everything I write. This was the biggest problem I had throughout the whole project. Due to this I wasted a whole break rewriting all the things I did not back up. If I do this differently if I could start over than I would probably have way more time to do the rest of my book. This brings me to the other thing I would do differently if I could start over: time management. I should have planned my time better throughout the 6 months I had. Because I did not plan my time well in the ending I had to  finish the second half of my project in one and a half week. Another thing that I could improve is that I should let more than just 2 people give me feedback on my book. Both of the people that gave me feedback were Dutch and I should have let someone with a different nationality look at it. This would have been an advantage, because than I would have gotten another cultures point of view. The benefit of another culture’s point of view is that all the things that think could be appropriate in Holland could be inappropriate in other cultures. Because I might have put one or two jokes in my book that could be seen as inappropriate, but I left them in there due to that the two people giving feedback were ok with it. Personal lesson I learned from doing this project I have learned a lot by doing this project. The main thing is that I learned to organize better. I was always terrible at organizing my work, so I got in time trouble a lot of time. By doing this project along with all the essays and tests we got I had to learn organizing the hard way. Another thing I learned and I kept mentioning throughout the whole report is that I HAVE to make a back up for all the important work I have done. If I do not do this something like what happened in December might happen and completely ruin days of works. I also learned that if I really put myself into something I could write about a lot of information quickly. Another important thing that I realized while writing my book was that if I want people to respect my culture and stop stereotyping, I also have to do the same thing. I realized this while talking to a couple of my friends about respect for one’s country. I realized that in order for me to achieve my goal of people respecting my culture, I had to do the same thing. I have learned a lot by doing this project and I hope that other people have learned a lot too by reading my book. Bibliography Chandler, Stephanie. How to Write Your Non-Fiction Book in 60 Days: 8 Steps Get Your Book Out of Your Head and on to Paper. Scribd. 2009. Web. 31 Mar. 2011. http://www.scribd.com/doc/13835154/How-to-Write-Your-NonFiction-Book-in-60-Days-8-Steps-Get-Your-Book-Out-of-Your-Head-and-on-to-Paper. Linkemer,

pipes and cigars :: essays research papers

Pipes and Cigars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1991 edition of The World Book Encyclopedia defines a cigar exactly as follows â€Å"Cigar is a tight roll of dried tobacco used for smoking. Cigars range in size from short, slim cigarillos to long, slender panetelas and large, fat coronas. The majority of cigars are made by machines, but the more expensive ones are hand-rolled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most cigars consist of three parts and three types of tobaccos. Folded filler tobacco leaves make up most of the body of a cigar. The filler is held together and surrounded by a binder leaf. A wrapper leaf is wound around the binder. Some inexpensive cigars have as their binders or wrappers reconstituted tobacco sheets. These sheets are made of coarse or damaged tobacco leaves that have been ground up and mixed with adhesive.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And in the definition of pipes it says in a short summary that a pipe is used for smoking tobacco. It has been around for over 2,000 years they were brought to Europe in the 1500’s. Indians smoked pipes during celebrations and religious ceremonies and used it as a symbol of peace. Pipes are made of briar, which is a hard wood. Meerschaum is a white clay used to make pipes. Porcelain is also used to make pipes. In the Middle East the hookah or water pipe is popular. Pipes have been collected and smoked for many years and there are clubs that meet to buy sell and trade old and new pipes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These articles inform you but not well. Other articles on drugs or even cigarettes contain dangers and health risks, and as I looked for more information on the internet I found only shops and clubs. Then I realized that the dangers of pipes and cigars aren’t very well known and the only places that had them were health organizations and what they had surprised me because I didn’t know much about it either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When compared to non-smokers, cigar smokers have about four times greater risk of dying of lung cancer.

Reflective Essay on Communication

I am a health care assistant (HCA) on an elderly care surgical ward and we nurse many different patients who have had elective surgery and corrective surgery after a trauma. I have a lot of contact with patients who suffer with dementia, ongoing confusion due to urinary tract infections and can often display challenging and aggressive behavior.I have found on a daily basis that patients become can frustrated when they cannot communicate what they want, and I was sure that with my strong accent I would come across as harsh. This left me feeling worried and sometimes inadequate because it is in my job and personal nature to want to help those in my care. As part of my Personal Assessment Document (PAD) my mentor and I decided that I would I would push myself to speak with patients more and see how they reacted to me. I would read the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purple à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This is meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  folder to try and engage them on a more personal level.With this reflective ac count I will be discussing an experience that I had on my ward and how through reflection I have managed to gain more confidence in my ability to talk to my patients and convey my compassion in the way I communicate with the patients in my care.I will use the reflective framework devised by Atkin and Murphy (1994) to construct this account. It is the right model of reflection for me to look back and learn from my experiences.Personally, being a good student and health carer does not just come with reflection in the mind but also reflective practice which, according to the nursing standard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enables a student to develop their skills, increase their knowledge and deal with emotionally challenging situationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (RCN 2012). Reflection is something that should be engaged with on an everyday basis and from very early on in your health care career. It enables you to carry on caring about the patients you treat and how to improve yourself personally and professiona lly.I enjoy both the personal rewards and the challenges that go hand in hand with working with patients with dementia. I find that on the drive home I tend re-evaluate everything in my life and be grateful for the now. A patient whom will go by the pseudonym of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pollyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to maintain her confidentiality (The NMC Code of professional Conduct, 2004) was admitted to the ward with a fracture to the neck of her femur.I was advised that the patient was very confused, and would spit at staff and be both physically and verbally aggressive when approached but would constantly cry out that she needed help. She was in the early to middle stages of Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease and had come from a care home for those suffering with dementia. Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease is characterised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by the loss of short term memory, deterioration in both behaviour and intellectual performance and slowness of thoughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dictionary of Nurs ing 1998).In handover that morning I found that I would be working with her that day, and as she was post operative I would need to wash her and try to mobilise her to sit out in her chair so that the physiotherapists could help her to walk again and get her on the pathway to being discharged back to her care home. I found that I was nervous in approaching this patient as I did not want to upset her or get hurt. Personally I would always wake patients like Polly who require the attention of more than one member of staff last as it is better to leave the patient to sleep so that they are well rested. That, and from handover I had learned that Polly had experienced a rather active night.Before waking Polly I had read her personal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This is meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  purple file to find out if she had any preferred names, and how she liked to be spoken too. This is me was devised by the Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is intended to provide professionals w ith information about the person with dementia as an individual. This will enhance the care and support given while the person is in an unfamiliar environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s society 2011). With this information I could help maintain a similar routine for Polly and I would not confuse her by overloading her with too many questions and instructions.I woke Polly up gently, and sat myself down in the chair by her bed so that I was not standing over her. I spent almost thirty minutes with Polly getting her up and ready, the patient did not get upset or frustrated with me, and  she was able to do most of the washing and dressing herself with help from me. Once this was completed I handed over to physiotherapists that they too should take this approach with Polly.I spent twelve days in total with Polly. In this time she was aggressive with me, and she would spit at me when I approached her. Yet, once I used her preferred name and tailored my approach to what sh e needed from me, I found that Polly was a pleasant and wonderful lady, who could be the complete opposite to the patient that was first handed over to me that first morning.Morris and Morris state that the symptoms of dementia are experienced by each person in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“their own unique wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (2010) and this is reinforced by the publication of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“this is meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  leaflet. It enables staff to really look at each individual patient and assess what their needs are. In reflection, if I had not read this leaflet and just gone ahead and woke Polly up as I do each patient, the events of the day could have taken a very different path. I found that by talking to Polly as requested in her leaflet that she reacted in a calmer manner and did not get as anxious or frustrated as quickly as my colleagues had prepared me to think.Reflecting over my first day with Polly, I do not remember struggling to say my words more clearly than what I normally would have done. Polly was not deaf, nor was she a child and I kept it in my mind that this patient was still a scared lady who had broken a big part of her body and was in a large amount of pain. Furthermore, she might not be able to communicate this fact as clearly as someone without dementia.Hobson states that, the HCA will need to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“learn to adapt how they attempt to understand what the person is saying to themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and that this can only be achieved by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“entering the same world as the person with dementiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (2012, P337). At times Polly would pretend to cry like a child and repeat the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Oh Mummy, mum, mum. Oh Mummyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  but not be able to give an answer when questioned what was wrong and how could we help her. Taking this into consideration, Polly might not be actually asking for her Mum but actually trying to communicate a much deeper need.My understanding of how patients with dementia communicate lead me to point to Pollyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hip and ask her if she felt pain there when she moved, to which she replied yes she did. In reflection I found this was a much better approach rather than just asking if Polly wanted any pain relief. Elkins has stated that asking the patient with dementia a direct question is almost a waste of time, as the patient does not have the information to give you. Instead it is more beneficial for the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sense of self worth to ask them a question with an optional answer of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“yesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It could also be said that a statement rather than a question is better because it leaves the patient feeling more in control (2011).From this experience, I suggested to the nurses that when doing their drug round that they should lower themselves down to Pollyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s eye level and ask her if her hip hurt her, rather than standing at the end of her bed or beside her asking if she wanted any pain relief. This suggestion meant that Polly had more regular pain relief, and as a team we knew when she was in pain.Furthermore, this information could be added to her file and become part of Pollyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future care pathway. Elkins raised the very same argument that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“once an effective communication bridge had been achieved, the individual is much more like to remain calm and anxiety freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This would show that dialogue between patient and healthcare professional had been greatly improved and would continue to do so in the future (2011).In reflection, I have found that I was so focused on the need to be understood through my use of English that at times I under-estimated the importance of non-verbal communication. Now, having taken a step back I see that I am almost in the same boat as the patient suffering with dementia, we are both just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an individual attempting to communicateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hobson, 2012) a nd as a HCA the method of employing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“feelings and emotionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  should become more à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“significant than the spoken wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hobson, 2012).Although my confidence in speaking to patients is always growing, I am more appreciative of how much more effective my body language, and the tone of my voice can be when communicating with a patient with dementia. Yes, looking after these patients can be a challenge but getting past the dementia and working in ways that compliment the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mindset will be of more  benefit to the patient. By spending some time reading each patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information leaflet I am able to help maintain a patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s well being and create a more anxiety free environment for our patients.

Holden Caulfield from “The Catcher in The Rye” Essay

â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† the reader can see the world through his eyes as he is the one narrating the story in first person. Holden is a young teenager, the age of sixteen who is emotionally disturbed and confused boy who is entering the journey of adulthood. Holden is a typical teenager who is rather irritated and disgusted by the society that surrounds him. To me he comes across as a witty individual because of the way he makes fun of, as he likes to call it the â€Å"phony† people in society he comes across with in the novel. He is from a family formed of two parents who seem to be quite wealthy, as they live in an expensive part of New York most people have to be wealthy to live in New York. Holden also was two bothers, D.B. and Allie, Allie whom is dead at the age of thirteen and he has a younger sister Phoebe. During the novel we discover that Holden is rather depressed young man because of his past, with the death of his brother and the failings of his grades in the recent schools he has attended to, he has become unhappy which leads him to have a breakdown. It seems that Holden is very dissatisfied with life and has never had any help during his time of confusion so I figure he is rather week and in some parts of the novel he feels like committing suicide. Holden has a huge sense of moral values, which often seems to interfere with other people’s loss of values. Because of other peoples values he gets frustrated and thinks people are â€Å"phony†. Holden seems to be a rather mean person as you read his feelings and how he feels towards people but it is only what he thinks. When Holden does something wrong he feels really guilty about his behavior and it often eats him up inside. Like the time when he went out with Sally Hayes and he calls her â€Å"a pain in the ass† when she refuses to run away with him, after he feels really guilty and can barely stop thinking about it. He is also a person who can’t get things out of his mind when things bother him like when Ward Stradlater goes out with his old girlfriend Jane Gallagher; throughout the novel he thinks about it a lot and wonders how the date went. Holden hates the movies and loves books. Holden behavior while he is in New York going to bars and meeting women he acts like a adult by smoking and drinking, but he is very critical to others that live that kind of lifestyle. It would be rather hard to see myself as Holden or even acting like him even for a day because I’m very different from him and I’m not as critical towards people as he is. I think it would be difficult to be friends with him because I would always be wondering what he is thinking about me and usually when he does think of someone it is always in a negative way. But still it was easy to identify him because I have friends that are sort of like him and they act the same way.

20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE Essays

20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE Essays 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE Essay 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE Essay Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire Slaughterhouse Five Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE 1. What is the significance of the titles for Acts One, Two, and Three in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Act 1 is entitled Fun and Games. The title of this act is actually an irony because although the George and Mary seem to be playing games, there is no fun involved. The two of them do not have fun as they entertain their guests or as they joke around with each other. Their guests are not amused by how they treat them or how they treat each other. Martha and George may seem to be playing when they ask Nick and Honey some personal questions but Nick and Honey do not fin any amusement in what they are saying or in how they are acting. Martha and George’s treatment towards each other seems to be the only fun in their marriage. Their conversation before Nick and Honey arrive actually amuses the reader. Act 2 is entitled Walpurgisnacht. This is a German holiday, which is similar to Halloween since it represents the gathering of witches. This meaning therefore makes the reader aware that this particular act will not be pleasant at all. This is revealed when fights become more intense and secrets are revealed. Act 3 is aptly titled The Exorcism. This means to get rid of the evil spirits. Some of the bad scenes that had happened in the second act are brought out more clearly such as the fact that Nick could not sleep with Martha due to certain inadequacies. In this scene, George and Martha face reality concerning the son they claim to have. 2. Vonnegut frames Slaughterhouse-Five with what appear to be autobiographical chapters. Why do you think Vonnegut does this? Slaughterhouse-Five has provided Vonnegut with a chance to speak about his experiences in the war. Through the book, Vonnegut talks about issues that might have been difficult to talk about were he doing it through another medium. He tells his story through Billy Pilgrim, who is also the protagonist in the story. Some of the details in the story such as being forced to join the war, coming out from the meat locker and being subjected to inhumane tasks are true. He also uses the concept of time and time travel to tell the story. This is an unreal idea and represents the world Billy Pilgrim lived in during the war. It was a way for him to escape reality and avoid seeing things as they were. Telling the events that transpired during the war might not have been an easy thing to do and he has therefore looked for ways through which he can hide the true emotions he had. 3. Everyone seemed to agree that The Waste Land was a very difficult poem to read. In what ways did you find it difficult? One of the things that made The Waste Land difficult to read and understand was its length. The poem is so long that it has been divided into five sections. The other thing that made it difficult was the content. The language does not make it easy either. Some of the words in the poem are not familiar and this adds to more difficulty. There are many characters included in this poem, and sometimes that can prove to be overwhelming. The poem has a heavy German influence to it and there are instances where the author has written in German. The subject is also a cause of concern. For instance, when he asks if the corpse planted in the garden has begum to sprout. It had many allusions and metaphors. There are some references to biblical teachings and those who may not be familiar with these teachings may not understand the whole meaning and concept of the poem. 4. Discuss the significance of Stella in A Streetcar Named Desire Stella is Blanche’s younger sister and she provides a means of escape for her by acting as her refuge when she needs help. Stella brings out several themes in the story. She has been used as a person who chooses to escape her supposedly high-class status and she chooses to marry a man from a lower class. This also represents the themes of tradition v modernity. She has been used to highlight how women viewed men during that period. She chooses to believe her husband rather than believe her sister. This also shows that she is just like her sister since she refuses to accept reality. She does not seem to be able to control herself or counter anything her husband says. She also brings out the theme of sexual desire. Stella’s main reason for staying with her husband seems to be derived from the fact that she has strong sexual desires for him and this is portrayed in the way the two of them relate to each other. 5. Is Nick an entirely reliable narrator in The Great Gatsby? Nick as a narrator is different from the character that he plays in the novel. This is clearly seen in the contrasting ways he deals with situations. As a character, he is an easy going and honest person who takes the time to listen to other people as they talk about their problems. Because of this, the others find it easy to tell him their secrets in the hope that he will not reveal them. As a narrator, he is quite judgmental of the people he interacts with and he detests their actions. Perhaps this is because he has taken the time to reflect on the events of the past and he now sees his character in a different way. Nick can be said to be a somehow reliable narrator though not an honest character. As a narrator, he does not hide the fact that his acquaintances had many flaws about them. He however refuses to show and share his true emotions after breaking up with Jordan. Nick acts as if he does not want the reader to see the narrator and the character as people who are able to express their emotions. However, as a character, his integrity is questionable. 6. Why is The Great Gatsby the best story you read all semester? This is the best story I have read this summer because I have learnt many lessons from it. People enjoy the pleasures of sin without considering the consequences. Some who engage in such pleasures do not take a second chance to think of the people they will hurt. Although Gatsby was guilty of many things, he died for the wrong reason. The other lesson I have learnt is that men expect to be treated differently in almost all situations. Tom had a long lasting affair with Myrtle but Daisy did not reprimand him or question him. He however reacted differently when he learnt that his wife was having an affair. I think that men and women should treat each other equally in all respects. Reading this story made me realize that moral decadency is not a modern thing and that it has in fact been there for a long time. The characters in the story seemed to have all their thoughts on money and pleasure. Contrary to the common opinion today, unfaithfulness in marriage was also common during that era.

Polyamory

Polyamory Polyamory Polyamory By Maeve Maddox I learn a great many new words as I cruise the Web collecting examples of usage for my posts. This week I learned polyamory: polyamory: the fact of having simultaneous close emotional relationships with two or more other individuals, viewed as an alternative to monogamy, especially in regard to matters of sexual fidelity; the custom or practice of engaging in multiple sexual relationships with the knowledge and consent of all partners concerned. The adjective is polyamorous. An article in The Atlantic describes the living conditions of three people who practice polyamory: All three live there together, but they aren’t roommates- they’re lovers. Or rather, Jonica and Michael are. And Sarah and Michael are. And so are Sarah and whomever she happens to bring home some weekends. And Michael and whomever he might be courting. They’re polyamorous. According to the Atlantic article, Polyamorous people still face plenty of stigmas, but some studies suggest they handle certain relationship challenges better than monogamous people do. This new demographic has already acquired a shortened form in headlines: Poly demographic survey in the  UK What Do Polys Want?: An Overview of the 2012 Loving More Survey Academic papers are being written on the polyamorous life style: Not Monogamous? Not a Problem: A Quantitative Analysis of the Prevalence of Polyamory    The words polyamory and polyamorous show up on the Ngram Viewer in the 1980s, rising precipitately in the 1990s. Here are some more familiar terms used to describe various types of sexual relationship that differ from monogamy: polyandry polygamy bigamy extramarital sex adultery infidelity cuckoldry fornication Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingPeople versus PersonsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Case Study - Essay Example The term Sony’s DNA also indicates the company’s unusual skill for product design and outstanding marketing tactics. This extraordinary flair for design and marketing is the key factor of its dominance in international markets. The major challenge that Sony confronted with achieving synergy was the issue related to its internal convergence. The corporation was unsure how it could achieve seamless cooperation between its subsidiary companies by selling the network vision. In addition, ‘there was little corporation between the content people in the United States and the technical wizards in Japan’. The production units like the Play Station had been enjoying exceed independence by working outside the company’s mainstream and by initiating alliance with other parties. It is uncertain if sonny can endure with this sort of ‘luxury’ in future namely in its innovative processes. Another major problem was the threat from low-cost imitators who already had pirated its content business. As compared to other competitors, Sony had to be highly concerned about factors associated with its copyright. As one of the notable challenges, Sony had been limited access to TV broadcast in USA. Th ey also lacked synergy between hardware and content side of business. Finally, Sony did not have substantial share in mobile industry. Reorganization might be the possible solution to meet these challenges in future. Sony has already identified this factor; and the organization has entered the world of digital convergence. Instead of traditional mode of management, it depends on outsourcing feasibility which allows broad and collaborative knowledge sharing and problem solving. Sony’s cooperation with Intel and Microsoft is an example for this conceptual change. Although this trend of convergence was unfamiliar to Sony, recently it has altered its tactics especially in case of product

Reading assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading - Assignment Example However it is also a clear fact that there are factors which anteceded the triggering factor described herein. The antecedent factor to the police shooting had its underpinnings in the ideological persuasions which sovereign citizens believe in. Sovereign citizens believe that being under the control of the government is wrong and for this reason, they believe that they are not under the control of the government. Members of sovereign citizens eschew being under government control because they believe that local, federal and state governments are operating illegally, since they (members of the group) exist outside these governments’ jurisdiction. Because of this, members of sovereign citizens believe that they are free from government control and therefore have their own code of law which they follow (Pierce, 1). As is provided for by the FBI, the beliefs above as held by sovereign citizens in turn have their underpinnings in the Redemption Theory. This theory holds that the U S government in 1993 when it abandoned its gold standard basis for currency and instead began to use its citizens as collateral in international trade agreements (FBI, 1). As a side note and from a common sense point of view, it is clear that any state which uses its citizens as collateral in any engagement is unjust and illegitimate, though this accusation which sovereign citizens level against the US government is not true. However, because of this false charge against the government, sovereign citizens see the supposed dereliction on gold standard as the basis for currency in 1993 as a gateway for illegal and criminal activities since the US federal, state and local governments have hitherto not been acting in the interests of Americans. The culmination of the immediate foregoing has thus been a catalogue of criminal and illegal activities which stem from one superordinate crime: personal abnegation from the responsibilities and duties of being an American citizen. Because of thi s, sovereign citizens do not pay taxes, do not drive on a state driver’s license and do not obey the law. Other criminal activities which sovereign citizens engage in because of their belief in the Redemption Theory are defrauding of banks, the US government, fraud (mail, mortgage, bank and wire), the selling and purchase of contraband such as firearms and money laundering. It is important to note that the perpetuation of sovereign citizens’ Redemption Theory and belonging to sovereign citizens heavily rely on the aforementioned criminal activities. In fact, the exaction of these crimes is the Redemption Scheme. Without crime as the Redemption Scheme, Redemption Theory crumbles. Against this backdrop, sovereign citizens illegally possess firearms and other weapons to eliminate the law enforcers and to thwart the arrest of their members. The same group uses crime to disintegrate and emasculate the government which they believe is illegitimate. Conclusion All the above u nderscores the fact that sovereign citizens have always come to view all law enforcement agencies and their officers as propagators and facilitators of an illegality, since they work for and defend an illegal government. With this twisted logic, sovereign citizens on one hand and law enforcement officers and law abiding on the other hand have lived in parallel systems: the police seek to ensure adherence to traffic rules while sovereign citizens

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper 2 - Essay Example Madison talks about unity, a united country with united people, common interests, decisions, thinking and arguments. He states up to the extent. The main advantage of having a country under one body is the representatives selected are refined through a lot of people (and a lot of people deciding to cast a vote for the same person cannot be wrong). Such a medium of chosen bodies are the best in wisdom and may best discern and distinguish the true interest of the country. It would be more consonant and publically good to hire people who could translate their thinking and mind-set on a broader scale. The number of the elected representatives should not be increased as selection of a lot of people brings about trouble and selection of a few results in a disaster. You get and elect trained and practiced people who decide for your future thus taking the country to a new direction the best part about such a structure is that no one can dawn upon the other, that means no bullying can be done and no tyrant can be sustainable. Also they cannot just do wrong as they are the centre of attention of a lot of people and their every movement is being recorded. 2. Anti- Federalist paper: Brutus Brutus in the article Anti- Federalist paper states that there should be thirteen different states with an individual executive and judiciary. There shouldn’t be a single state platform forming a set of rules being enforced on the citizens irrespective of what they want and how they want. One body should not have the power to decide the future of a million people without having consent with the people would be facing the outcomes. The constitution is not a good thing in an individuals’ interest as it is aimed for a lot of people and does not cater at an individual level. A constitution for a country does not focus and target an individuals’ interest and rights. The government is a subversion of liberty by applying principles, rules and regulations, and tyrannical atr ocities; they forget who voted for them for what reason. They do not care about the people who elected them and made them the representatives of the country and apply restrictions and more rules and principles and enforce them throughout the country. It’s all about their own interests, nothing about the human nature, it’s about them when they are elected and they are chosen to be the representatives. A free republic cannot exceed to such an immense extent. They need to have subordinates who could cater every other individual and could have the info and thee details about a certain person, his problems and should be formulating or devising a solution. They have large fortunes and less moderation towards people and their interests. No time for individual district, it’s all about the country and the bodies organizing, maintaining and showing interests about them; people come in the end. They gratify their own interests and ambitions and forget that they have been e lected by these people who are (in that scenario), being betrayed. He further states that the country have independent states deciding their own future and knowing and caring about each n every group. 3. Comparison: The comparison here is of the

Nature And Purpose Of The Conceptual Framework Accounting Essay

Nature And Purpose Of The Conceptual Framework Accounting Essay Introduction The accounting conceptual framework has been criticized for not providing an adequate basis for standard setting. This inadequacy is evidenced through the FASBs standards becoming more and more rule-based. Nevertheless, no empirical evidence has been gathered to support the criticisms of the conceptual framework. We analyzed the five qualitative characteristics of accounting information from the conceptual framework in conjunction with an individuals intention to use/rely on financial statements. Using structural equation modelling, we found that only one qualitative characteristic, reliability, affected a persons intention to use financial statements. Additionally, it appears that the greatest factor that influences whether an individual rely on financial statements is their familiarity with accounting. Based on our findings, it appears that not only does the conceptual framework need to be altered, but it also needs to be changed to help create principle-based accounting standards that are useful to all people, regardless of their background. Criticism has been directed towards the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) for not requiring firms to report information that is interpretable and useful for financial statements users (CICA, 1980). The FASBs conceptual framework is the core in which all accounting standards are derived. Therefore, the accounting conceptual framework must embody a set of qualitative characteristics that ensure financial reporting grants users of economic statements with sufficient information for assessments. The U.S. financial accounting conceptual framework was established between late 1970s and early 1980s. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) No. 2 (1980) indicates that there are five main qualitative characteristics of accounting information; understandability, relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency. Nature and Purpose of the Conceptual Framework The conceptual frame work has some disadvantages. It is broad based in nature and principles and may not help when actually producing the financial statement. Its standards contents may conflict with those of other boards. This framework, with minor changes, still provides the basis for the FASBs standard setting today. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) No. 2 (1980) develops and discusses the qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful. SFAC No. 2 separates the qualitative characteristics as possessing either user-specific or decision-specific qualities. The overall user-specific characteristic of accounting information is that it must be understandable. Today, the accounting conceptual framework is being blamed for accounting standards becoming rule-based, which leads to the structuring of transactions (Nobes, 2005; SEC 108(d)). In fact, FASB has even acknowledged that the conceptual framework might be inadequate for current accounting standar ds (AICPA, 2002). The conceptual framework was formed with the intention of providing the backbone for principle-based accounting standards (Nobes, 2005). However, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has recently criticized the accounting standards setting board for becoming overly rules-based, which paves the way for the structuring of transactions in the companys favour (SEC 108(d)). Critics of the framework have stressed that the move towards rule-based standards are a consequence of inadequacies in the accounting conceptual foundation. Nobes (2005) argues that the need for rule-based accounting standards is a direct result of the FASB trying to force a fit between standards and a conceptual framework that is not fully developed. A coherent and strong conceptual framework is vital for the development of principle-based accounting standards and the progression towards convergence in international accounting standards. However, researchers are unaware of any empirical evidence that supports the criticisms of the current conceptual framework. Additionally, none of the critics have looked at the conceptual framework from the most important viewpoint, the users perspective. Therefore, the rationale of this paper is to practically analyze the sufficiency of the conceptual framework, from a users perspective, in relation to an individuals reliance on financial statements for decision making. We developed a survey instrument to analyze an individuals intention to rely on financial statements using Ajzens (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour. We found that the reliability characteristic of the conceptual framework represented the only significant dimension of a persons attitude affecting their intention to rely on financial statements. However, the understandability characteristic was approaching significance. Within the context of the theory of planned behaviour, social pressures was not significant influe nce on the intention to use/rely on financial statements, yet familiarity with accounting was found to significantly influence intention. The conceptual framework and potential financial statement users intentions can be analyzed within the context of Ajzens (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour. Ajzen (1991) indicates that empirical evidence suggests that we can determine an individuals intention to perform behaviour through analyzing their attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Within this perspective, we adapted Ajzens (1991) theory of planned behaviour to an individuals propensity to rely on accounting financial statements as shown in the figure below (figure 2): (Draw a figure) The purpose of this study was to provide an empirical analysis to the criticism against the FASBs conceptual framework. Our overall results suggest that the current conceptual framework does not adequately align the objectives of financing reporting with the users of financial statements. Nevertheless, available findings have some interesting implications for the conceptual framework and future standard setting. Reliability is the only qualitative characteristic that has a positive statistical significant relationship with intention. The accounting profession is facing a choice between reliability and relevance in financial reporting, as there is an inherent trade-off between reliability and relevance (Paton and Littleton, 1940; Vatter, 1947). Reliable information possesses the characteristic of objectivity and verifiability, which is associated with historical cost accounting. Relevance, on the other hand, pertains to any information that will influence the users financial decision. Many times the most relevant information is often current or prospective in nature. Thus, we cannot have accounting information that maximizes the characteristics of both relevant and reliable because relevant information is not always verifiable. We would have expected to see relevance as a significant factor in users intention to use financial statements since the recent accounting standards have moved toward fair value accounting measures, which are considered to be more relevant than reliable information (Ciesielski Weirich, 2006). However, our results show that reliability is a significant factor. The current accounting curriculum could be the cause of our results since it is rooted in Paton and Littletons historical cost approach, which focuses on reliability of information. In the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, we found that familiarity to be a statistically significant factor to an individuals intention to use financial statements. Thus, as an individual becomes more familiar with financial statements, he or she is more likely to have the intention to use or rely on them when making decision. An ANOVA analysis provides further support for this as it indicates that intention to use or rely on financial statements is significantly different between accounting majors and non-accounting majors. This provides evidence that accounting could be becoming too difficult for individuals who are not proficient in accounting to understand. It appears that the movement towards rule-based accounting standards could be a contributing cause of this disparity in intention. That is, the accounting standards have become so technical upon their execution that the average reader of accounting can no longer discern the main objective of each financial statement element. This finding is troubling to accounting since it contradicts the primary objective of accounting, which is to offer practical book-keeping information for judgment making. Book-keeping information should be useful for all people who want to use it rather than only being useful to those who understand it. Additionally, under no circumstances, should accounting information provide an advantage to individuals who happen to be experts within the field. Accounting should be a tool and not a barrier At the-present, the accounting profession is grappling with a problem, which it has identified as the need for a conceptual framework of accounting. This framework has been painstakingly developed over centuries, and it is merely the professions task to fine tune the existing conceptual framework because of the need for continual development due to changing conditions. This conceptual framework has never been laid out in explicit terms; consequently, it is continually overlooked. A conceptual framework has been described as a constitution, an articulate arrangement of interconnected objectives and rudiments that can guide to reliable standards and that stipulates the character, purpose, and confines of financial book-keeping and fiscal statements. For many accountants, the conceptual framework project is difficult to come to grips with because the subject matter is abstract and accountants are accustomed to dealing with specific problems. In resolving those problems, accountants may unconsciously rely on their own conceptual frameworks, but CPAs have not previously been called on to spell out their frameworks in systematic, cohesive fashion so that others can understand and evaluate them. It is essential that a framework be expressly established so that the FASB and those evaluating its standards are basing their judgments on the same set of objectives and concepts. An expressly established framework is also essential for preparers and auditors to make decisions about accounting issues that are not specifically covered by FASB standards or other authoritative literature. It is considered that if the conceptual framework makes sense and leads to relevant information, and if financial statement users make the necessary effort to fully understand it, their confidence in financial statements and their ability to use them effectively will also be enhanced. No one who supports the establishment of a conceptual framework should be labouring under the illusion that such a framework will automatically lead to a single definitive answer to every specific financial accounting problem. A conceptual framework can only provide guidance in identifying the relevant factors to be considered by standard setters and managers and auditors in making the judgments that are inevitable in financial reporting decisions. A Classical Model of Accounting: The Framework Expanded Historically, the particularized information, which constituted the emergence of accounting, was embedded in a framework for control of human behaviour. With the advent of exchange replacing a sustenance society, and with exchange ultimately producing a private economy, accounting derived its second, and in modern times considered its most important, function as a planning instrument. The classical model simply states that behavioural patterns do exist in the structural development of accounting; that is, given a stimulus there will be a response which is direct reaction (an expected reaction) to that stimulus. One can relate this model to the classical model in economics, in which supply and demand for a commodity react in an expected manner due to a change in price. Figure 3 is a geometric illustration of the classical model. The special features of the model are: (a) Stimulus (S) = Demand; Response (R) = Supply (b) Equilibrium (E) = Stimulus = Response (c) Environmental Condition (EC) = Price (d) Accounting Concept (AC) = Product A Test of the Validity of the Model If the classical model does exist in accounting, the historical observations (see table I) should then bear testimony to its existence. The evidence to support this model is purely historical. However, no parallel should be drawn between this thesis (stimulus/Response) and Toynbees (1946, 88) line of inquiry: Can we say that the stimulus towards civilization grows positively stronger in proportion as the environment grows more difficult? Consequently, the criticism directed at his work should not be considered even remotely as applicable to this inquiry (Walsh 1951, 164-169).On the other hand, only in the extreme can the accusation levelled at Kuhn [1962] be directed here, that the conceptual framework (classical model of accounting) as presented may subsume too many possibilities under a single formula (Buchner 1966, 137). More appropriately, this study is undertaken along the lines suggested by Einthoven (1973, 21): Accounting has passed through many stages: These phases have been largely the responses to economic and social environments. Accounting has adapted itself in the past fairly well to the changing demands of society. Therefore, the history of commerce, industry and government is reflected to a large extent in the history of accounting. What is of paramount importance is to realize that accounting, if it is to play a useful and effective role in society, must not pursue independent goals. It must continue to serve the objectives of its economic environment. The historical record in this connection is very encouraging. Although accounting generally has responded to the needs of its surroundings, at times it has appeared to be out of touch with them. The purpose of this line of inquiry is to put into perspective concepts which have emerged out of certain historical events. (In this treatise, accounting concepts are considered to be interlocking with accounting measurement and communication processes; thus, whenever the term concept is used herein, it is to be understood that accounting measurement and communication processes are subsumed under this heading.) These concepts collectively constitute, or at least suggest, a conceptual framework of accounting. The classical model is postulated as follows: For any given environmental state, there is a given response function which maximizes the prevailing socio-economic objective function. This response function cannot precede the environmental stimulus but is predicated upon it; when such response function is suboptimal, the then existing objective function will not be maximized. In a dysfunctional state, a state in which environmental stimulus is at a low level a level below pre-existing environmental stimuli, disequilibrium would ensue. In any given environment, the warranted response may be greater or less than the natural or actual response. When environmental stimuli cease to evoke response, then the socio-economic climate will be characterized by stagnation as the least negative impact of disequilibrium conditions, and decline when such environmental stimuli are countercyclical. Stage 1 In this period, (1901 to 1920) the environmental stimulus was corporate policy of retaining a high proportion of earnings [(Grant 1967, 196-197); (Kuznets 1951, 31); (Mills 1935, 361,386-187)]. This period is the beginning of corporate capitalism. The term corporate capitalism is used because it emphasizes the role in capital formation which corporations have ascribed to themselves. Hoarding of funds by corporations has reduced the role and importance of the primary equity securities market. The resource allocation process has been usurped by corporations (Donaldson 1961, 51-52, 56-63). The implication of such a condition is accentuated in the following statement: It is the capital markets rather than intermediate or consumer markets that have been absorbed into the infrastructure of the new type of corporation. (Rumelt 1974, 153). The hard empirical evidence of this condition was revealed by several tests of the Linter Dividend Model, which maintains that dividends are a function of profit, and are adjusted to accommodate investment requirements [(Kuh 1962, 48); (Meyer and Kuh 1959, 191); (Brittain 1966, 195); (Dhrymes and Kurz 1967, 447)]. Given the new role assumed by the corporation in capital formation, the investment community (investing public) became concerned with the accounting measurement process. The accounting response was verifiability (auditing) to demonstrate the soundness of the discipline. Productivity of existing measurements had to be verified to satisfy the investors and creditors. The Companies Act 1907 required the filing of an audited annual balance sheet with the Registrar of Companies [(Freer 1977, 18); (Edey and Panitpadki 1956, 373); (Chatfield 1956, 118)]. Thus, auditing became firmly established. The function of auditing measurements is the process of replication of prior accounti ng. Accounting is differentiated from other scientific disciplines in this aspect of replication. Replication is a necessary condition in sound disciplines; however, replication is generally undertaken in rare instances. In accounting, on the other hand, replication is undertaken very frequently for specified experiments business operations at the completion of the experiments business (operating) cycle. These experiments business operations, cover one year; at the end of the year, the experiments are reconstructed on a sampling basis. Auditing is the process by which replication of accounting measurements are undertaken. Publicly held and some privately held corporations are required to furnish audited annual financial statements which cover their business activities on an annual basis. Stage 2- This period, (1921 to 1970) witnessed the reinforcement of corporate retention policy. This condition shifted the emphasis of the investor to focus on the Securities market in the hope of capital gains, because of the limited return on investment in the form of dividends. Indubitably, investors concern was shifted to market appreciation through stock price changes reflecting the earnings potential of the underlying securities (Brown 1971, 36-37, 40-41, and 44-51). With the securities market valuation of a companys share (equity) inextricably linked to the earnings per share, the emphasis is placed on the dynamics of accounting as reflected in the income statement. The Companies Act of 1928 and 1929 explicitly reflect this accounting response by requiring an income statement as a fundamental part of a set of financial statements [(Freer 1977, 18); (Chatfield 1974, 118)]; although an audit of such statement was not explicitly stipulated, it was implied. The accounting response of this period is extension of accounting disclosure [(Chatfield 1974, 118); (Blough 1974, 4-17)].The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and subsequent market failures constitutes the environmental stimulus. In the U.S.A., the Securities Act of 1933 and then the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 were enacted, providing for a significant involvement of the government in accounting. Stage 3- This period is characterized by the social awareness that business as well as government must be held socially accountable for their actions. Business can transfer certain costs to other segments of society, thus business benefits at the expense of society; and government can not only squander hard earned dollars but through its policies affect adversely the welfare of various segments of society. This awareness is epitomized in the thesis posited by Mobley [1970, 763]: The technology of an economic system imposes a structure on its society which not only determines its economic activities but also influences its social well-being. Therefore, a measure limited to economic consequences is inadequate as an appraisal of the cause-effect relationships of the total system; it neglects the social effects. The environmental stimulus of corporate social responsibility evoked the accounting response of socio-economic accounting a further extension of accounting disclosure. The term socio-economic accounting gained prominence in 1970, when Mobley broadly defined it as the ordering, measuring and analysis of the social and economic consequences of governmental and entrepreneurial behaviour. Accounting disclosure was to be expanded beyond its existing boundaries beyond the normal economic consequences to include social consequences as well as economic effects which are not presently considered (Mob1ey 1970, 762). Approaches to dealing with the problems of the extension of the systemic information are being attempted. It has been demonstrated that the accounting framework is capable of generating the extended disclosures on management for public scrutiny and evaluations [(Charnels, Co1antoni, Cooper, and Kortanek 1972); (Aiken, Blackett, Isaacs 1975)]. However, many measurement problems have been exposed in this search process for means to satisfy the systemic information requirement of this new environmental stimulus [(Estes 1972, 284); (Francis 1973)]. Welfare economics, as a discipline, has always been concerned with the social consequences of governmental and entrepreneurial actions, but the measurement and communication problems are, and always have been that of the discipline of accounting (Linowes 1968; 1973). The Conceptual Framework: A Continuing Process Presented above, the stimulus/response framework exhibiting structural adequacy, internal consistency and implemental practicality has demonstrated, unequivocally, its effectiveness over the centuries. The systemic information of financial accounting is the connective tissue of time in a financial perspective. The systemic information of managerial accounting is non-connective, but rather reflects events in a decision-making perspective. This can be best illustrated in the table below: (Draw a table) The process of concept-formation is a special type of learning. The formation takes time and requires a variety of stimuli and reinforcements. The process is never fully determinate for even when the concept is well, it can suffer neglect or inhibition and it can be revived by further reinforcement or modified by new stimulation (Emphasis added.) (Meredith; 1966, 79-80). A body of concepts and interlocking measurement and communication processes (types of information stocks and flows; constraints on information allowable values and methods of measurement; media of communication quantitative and qualitative) has been developed over the centuries. This set of concepts and interlocking measurement and communication processes has emerged as responses to specific stimuli at specific points in time to satisfy specific information needs. It is this body of concepts and interlocking measurement and communication processes, which is subject to amplification and modification that constitutes the conceptual framework of accounting. Possibly, with other modifications or amplifications deemed necessary, the conceptual framework as presented above can serve as an expressly established framework to enable preparers and auditors to make decisions, which would conform and be upheld, about accounting issues that are not specifically covered by FASB standards or authoritative literature. A conceptual framework is necessary because in the first place, to be constructive, paradigm setting must develop and connect to a reputable body of perceptions and objectives. A severely developed theoretical outline should facilitate the FASB to issue additional functional and reliable standards in due course. A coherent set of principles and regulations should be the outcome, since they would be constructed upon a similar basis. The framework should augment fiscal statement users indulgence of and self-assurance in economic reporting, and it has to improve comparability amongst companies fiscal reports. Secondly, latest and emerging realistic problems ought to be more rapidly unravelled by reference to an existing outline of fundamental supposition. It is complicated, if not unfeasible, for the FASB to recommend the appropriate accounting action promptly for circumstances like this. Accountants in practice, nevertheless, ought to resolve such exertions on a routine basis. With the application of excellent verdict and with the facilitation of a commonly acknowledged conceptual scaffold, practitioners may discharge certain options promptly and then centre their attention on a tolerable dealing. Over the years various associations, commissions, and concerned persons developed and printed their personal theoretical frameworks. However, no particular framework was unanimously acknowledged and relied on practically. Identifying the necessity for a commonly acknowledged structure, the FASB in 1976 initiated effort to construct a conceptual structure that would possibly be a foundation for setting book-keeping principles and for reconciling fiscal reporting disagreements. The FASB has given out six Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts that recount to monetary reporting for commerce schemes. These include: 1, Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises, that presents objectives and intentions of book-keeping. 2, Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information, that inspects the descriptions that make book-keeping information helpful. 3, Elements of Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, that offer descriptions of objects in economic statements, for instance, revenues, assets, expenses and liabilities. 4, Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, that lays down elementary acknowledgment and dimension standards and direction on the kind of information that should be officially integrated into economic assertions and at what time. 5, Elements of Financial Statements, which substitutes number 3 and increases its extent to comprise non-profit institutes.6, Using Cash Flow Information and P resent Value in Accounting Measurements, that gives a structure for using probable expectations of cash flows and outline principles as a foundation for measurement. The figure below is an overview of the conceptual framework. (Diagram) In the initial stage, the purposes classify the aspirations and rationale of book-keeping. Ideally, book-keeping principles developed with accordance to a theoretical structure will upshot in book-keeping reports that are extra helpful. At the subsequent stage are the qualitative descriptions that make book-keeping information functional and the essentials of monetary report, that is, liabilities, assets, among others. In the third stage are the dimension and acknowledgment perceptions employed in instituting and affecting book-keeping principles. These conceptions include suppositions, ideologies, and restrictions that illustrate the current reporting atmosphere. First Level: Basic Goals The major goals of monetary reporting are to give information which is: (1). Helpful to those concerned with the creation of savings and credit judgment and have a sensible perception of commerce and financial performance. (2). Useful to current and prospective financiers, creditors, as well as other users in gauging the quantities, instances, and ambiguity of prospective cash flows and (3). Concerns financial capital, claims to such possessions, and the adjustments in them. The goals consequently, begin with a broad concern regarding information that is valuable to financier and creditor assessments. That apprehension constricts to the financiers and creditors concern in the outlook of accepting cash from their investments or credits to commerce ventures. Ultimately, the goals centre on the monetary declarations that provide information useful in the assessment of prospective cash flows to the business enterprise. This advancement is known as judgment effectiveness. It has been said that the golden rule is the central message in many religions and the rest is elaboration. Similarly, decision usefulness is the message of the conceptual framework and the rest is amplification. In giving information to users of monetary reports, general-purpose financial statements are prepared. These reports give the most helpful information feasible at negligible expenditure to diverse consumer groups. Principal to these goals is the conception that consumers require logical acquaintance of commerce and economic book-keeping issues to comprehend the facts contained in economic reports. This fact is essential. It implies that in the groundwork of monetary statements, a stage of rational proficiency on the part of consumers can be alleged. This has an effect on the method and the scope to which data is accounted for. Second Level: Fundamental Concepts The objectives of the first level are concerned with the purposes and intentions of book-keeping. Between the second and third levels, it is essential to give particular theoretical construction blocks that elucidate the qualitative descriptions of book-keeping knowledge and describe the essentials of monetary reports. These theoretical construction blocks outline a connection involving the why of book-keeping (the goals) and the how of book-keeping (acknowledgment and capacity). Qualitative Descriptions of Book-keeping Facts Deciding on a suitable accounting technique, the quantity and kinds of facts to be revealed, and the layout in which data ought to be presented entails establishing which option provides the most helpful information for assessment making intentions (judgment convenience). The FASB has recognized the qualitative descriptions of book-keeping facts that differentiate enhanced (extra valuable) facts from substandard (less valuable) facts for assessment creation intentions. Additionally, the FASB has acknowledged particular restrictions (cost-benefit and materiality) as a component of the conceptual structure. The descriptions might be analysed as a hierarchy. Assessment Creators (Users) and Understandability The makers of judgement differ extensively in the nature of assessments they formulate, the way they formulate these assessments, the facts they already have and any other relevant information that they may acquire from their own trusted sources, and their aptitude to process the facts. For knowledge to be helpful there ought to be a correlation (relationship) involving these consumers and the judgment they create. This connection, understandability, is the eminence of facts that authorizes realistically knowledgeable users to distinguish its connotation. To demonstrate the significance of this connection; suppose that IBM Corp. gives a three-month income statement (interim statement) that illustrates temporary income way down. This statement gives appropriate and dependable facts for assessment creation intentions. A number of users, upon evaluation of the statement, choose to retail their stock. While others do not comprehend the content and importance of the report, they are aston ished when IBM proclaims a lesser year-end share and the worth of the stock turns down. Therefore, even though the facts presented were exceedingly appropriate and consistent, it was futile to those who did not comprehend it. Prime Qualities: Reliability and Relevance Importance and dependability are the two major virtues that make book-keeping information helpful for assessment making. As assured in FASB Concepts Statement No. 2, the qualities that distinguish bet